1. Experimental determination of Shielding tensors by HR PMR techniques in single crystalline solid state, require Spherically Shaped Specimen. The bulk susceptibility contributions to induced fields is zero inside spherically shaped specimen. 2. The above criterion requires that a semi micro spherical volume element is carved out around the site within the specimen and around the specified site this carved out region is a cavity which is called the Lorentz Cavity. Provided the Lorentz cavity is spherical and the outer specimen shape is also spherical, then the criterion 1 is valid. 3. In actuality the carving out of a cavity is only hypothetical and the carved out portion contains the atoms/molecules at the lattice sites in this region as well. The distinction made by this hypothetical boundary is that all the materials outside the boundary is treated as a continuum. For matters of induced field contributions the materials inside the Lorentz sphere must be considered as making discrete contributions. Illustration in next slide depicts the above sequence animated pictorially

O O O O O O H H Proton Site with σ intra Organic Molecular single crystal : a specimen of arbitrary shape 4 point star indicates the molecule at a central location. Structure of a typical molecule on the right Induced field calculation by discrete summation σ inter Added σ inter Shifts the line position single sharp line Inner Volume Element I.V.E I.V.E. Cavity I.V.E Sphere σMσM σ IVE(S ) Discrete Continuu m The task would be to calculate the induced field inside the cavity σ cavity In-homogeneity can cause line shape alterations: not simply shifts only σ intra / σ M σ IVE = σ inter + σ M σ cavit y = σ Bulk + σ M

7/23/2015 1:06:48 AMMRSFall 2006/This slide 01m:15s for prev. 2 slides=02m:42s 3 The Outer Continuum in the Magnetized Material Specified Proton Site Lorentz Sphere The Outer Continuum in the Magnetized Material Lorentz Sphere of Lorentz Cavity Outer surface D out Inner Cavity surface D in D out = - D in Hence D out + D in =0 The various demarcations in an Organic Molecular Single Crystalline Spherical specimen required to Calculate the Contributions to the induced Fields at the specified site. D out/in values stand for the corresponding Demagnetization Factors In the NEXT Slides : INDUCED FIELDS,DEMAGNETIZATION, SHIELDING:: Current lessons on I.V.E. 1. Contributions to Induced Fields at a POINT within the Magnetized Material. Inner Volume Element Equation for Discrete summation Discrete summation: an animated Illustration in Slides # 8 & 9 !!!

7/23/2015 1:06:48 AMMRSFall 2006/This slide 01m:30s for prev. 3 slides=03m:57s 4 These are Ellipsoids of Revolution and the three dimensional perspectives are imperative INDUCED FIELDS,DEMAGNETIZATION,SHIELDING Induced Field inside a hypothetical Lorentz cavity within a specimen = H`` Shielding Factor = Demagnetization Factor = D a H`` = -. H 0 = (D in - D out ) a.. H 0 out = 4.. (D in - D out ) a. When inner & outer shapes are spherical D in = D out Induced Field H`` = 0 polar axis a equatorial axis b m = a/b Induced Field / 4... H 0 = D ellipsoid polar axis b equatorial axis a = b/a Thus it can be seen that the the D-factor value depends only on that particular enclosing- surface shape innner or outer in References to ellipsoids are as per the Known conventions >>>>

7/23/2015 1:06:48 AMMRSFall 2006/This slide 02m:01s for prev. 4 slides=05m:27s 5 RECAPITULATION on TOPICS in SOLID STATE Defining what is Conventionally known as Lorentz Sphere It becomes necessary to define an Inner Volume Element [I.V.E] in most of the contexts to distinguish the nearest neighbours (Discrete Region) of a specified site in solids, from the farther elements which can be clubbed in to be a continuum. The shape of the I.V.E. had always been preferentially (Lorentz) sphere. But, in the contexts to be addressed hence forth the I.V.E. need not be invariably a sphere. Even ellipsoidal I.V.E. or any general shape has to be considered and for the sake of continuity of terms used it may be referred to as Lorentz Ellipsoids / Lorentz Volume Elements. It has to be preferred to refer to hence forth as I.V.E. ( Volume element inside the solid material : small compared to macroscopic sizes and large enough compared to molecular sizes and intermolecular distances). Lorentz Spheres Spherical For outer shapes ellipsoidal cubical arbitrary Conventional Currently: The Discrete Region I.V.E. Shapes other than spherical I.V.E. need not be invariably a sphere general shape OR For any given shape

O O O O O O H H Proton Site with σ intra Organic Molecular single crystal : a specimen of arbitrary shape 4 point star indicates the molecule at a central location. Structure of a typical molecule on the right Induced field calculation by discrete summation σ inter Added σ inter Shifts the line position single sharp line Inner Volume Element I.V.E I.V.E. Cavity I.V.E Sphere σMσM σ IVE(S ) Discrete Continuu m The task would be to calculate the induced field inside the cavity σ cavity In-homogeneity can cause line shape alterations: not simply shifts only σ intra / σ M σ IVE = σ inter + σ M σ cavit y = σ Bulk + σ M

NMR Line for only Intra molecular Shielding σ=σ M Added intermolecular : σ Inter Contributions causes a shift downfield or up field σ = σ M +σ Inter +σ B (homogeneous) Homogeneous no line shape alterations Inhomogeneous Magnetization can cause line shape alterations σ = σ M +σ Inter +σ B (in-homogeneous) Slightly inhomogeneous Highly inhomogeneous Line (position) shifts & Line shape changes & shifted Nearly spherical Cylindrical

7/23/2015 1:06:48 AMMRSFall 2006/This slide 01m:15s for prev. 2 slides=02m:42s 8 The Outer Continuum in the Magnetized Material Specified Proton Site Lorentz Sphere The Outer Continuum in the Magnetized Material Lorentz Sphere of Lorentz Cavity Outer surface D out Inner Cavity surface D in D out = - D in Hence D out + D in =0 The various demarcations in an Organic Molecular Single Crystalline Spherical specimen required to Calculate the Contributions to the induced Fields at the specified site. D out/in values stand for the corresponding Demagnetization Factors In the NEXT Slides : INDUCED FIELDS,DEMAGNETIZATION, SHIELDING:: Current lessons on I.V.E. 1. Contributions to Induced Fields at a POINT within the Magnetized Material. Inner Volume Element Equation for Discrete summation Discrete summation: an animated Illustration in Slides # 8 & 9 !!!

Induced field Calculations using these equations and the magnetic dipole model have been simple enough when the summation procedures were applied as described in the previous presentations and expositions. Isotropic Susceptibility Tensor = 2. Calculation of induced field with the Magnetic Dipole Model using point dipole approximations.

v = Volume Susceptibility V = Volume = (4/3) r s 3 rsrs r 1 2 v = x r s /r = =C 1 = 2 = 2.4 x for =0 2. Calculation of induced field with the Magnetic Dipole Model using point dipole approximations

For the Point Dipole Approximation to be valid practical criteria had been that the ratio r : r S = 10:1 R i : r i = 10 : 1 or even better and the ratio R i / r i = C can be kept constant for all the n spheres along the line (radial vector) n th 1st i will be the same for all i, i= 1,n and the value of n can be obtained from the equation below With C= R i / r i, i=1,n 2. Calculation of induced field with the Magnetic Dipole Model using point dipole approximations 3. Summation procedure for Induced Field Contribution within the specimen from the bulk of the sample.

Description of a Procedure for Evaluating the Induced Field Contributions from the Bulk of the Medium Radia l Vector with polar coordinates: r, θ, φ. (Details to find in 4 th Alpine Conference on SSNMR presentation Sheets 6-8)

For a given and, R n and R 1 are to be calculated and using the formula n along that vector can be calculated with a set constant C and the equation below indicates for a given and this n, multiplied by the i { being the same for all }would give the total cotribution from that direction = i = i = 1,n, i = n, x i