Origins From The Big Bang to Modern Man

Origin of the Cosmos3 Options Option 1: Someone made the universe (Big Bang or creationist theory) Option 1: Someone made the universe (Big Bang or creationist theory) Option 2: The universe made itself (Inflationary or evolutionist theory) Option 2: The universe made itself (Inflationary or evolutionist theory) Option 3: The universe has always been here (Steady State Theory) Option 3: The universe has always been here (Steady State Theory) Scientists now know that the cosmos had a beginning (proton decay and galactic motion) Scientists now know that the cosmos had a beginning (proton decay and galactic motion) Therefore only options 1 and 2 are viable Therefore only options 1 and 2 are viable

THE Big Bang/Nucleosynthesis 13.7 billion years ago Mass of universe size of head of a pin (singularity) 13.7 billion years ago Mass of universe size of head of a pin (singularity) Unimaginable release of energy (an expansion not a traditional explosion) trillions of degrees Unimaginable release of energy (an expansion not a traditional explosion) trillions of degrees Nobody knows how/why it happened Nobody knows how/why it happened Created space and time Created space and time Created the 4 main forces: gravity, strong, weak and electromagnetic forces. Created the 4 main forces: gravity, strong, weak and electromagnetic forces. astr.gsu.edu/hbase/forces/funfor.html astr.gsu.edu/hbase/forces/funfor.html astr.gsu.edu/hbase/forces/funfor.html astr.gsu.edu/hbase/forces/funfor.html Electrons, quarks and gluons created (building blocks for all atoms) Electrons, quarks and gluons created (building blocks for all atoms)

Big Bang Flowchart

Sounds a little Quarky to me… Strong Force

Wave Characteristics Wavelength: distance from the beginning of one crest to the beginning of another Wavelength: distance from the beginning of one crest to the beginning of another Frequency: number of waves in a given time period and distance Frequency: number of waves in a given time period and distance Amplitude: distance from the midpoint of a wave to the crest or trough Amplitude: distance from the midpoint of a wave to the crest or trough

Electromagnetic Spectrum (EM) Spectrum Evidence for the Big Bang Theory

Microwaves

Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) Discovered by the Hubble Space Telescope Discovered by the Hubble Space Telescope Originally discovered in the 1960s Originally discovered in the 1960s Mapped out in 1990 at Berkley Mapped out in 1990 at Berkley Energy waves (photons) left over from the original Big Bang in the form of microwaves Energy waves (photons) left over from the original Big Bang in the form of microwaves Thought to prove the BBT Thought to prove the BBT

So….Whats The MATTER? Baryonic Matter (10% of universe): Matter composed of protons/neutrons and electrons (solid, liquid and gases) Baryonic Matter (10% of universe): Matter composed of protons/neutrons and electrons (solid, liquid and gases) Non-Baryonic or Dark Matter (90% of universe): composed of WIMP (weakly interacting massive particles) Non-Baryonic or Dark Matter (90% of universe): composed of WIMP (weakly interacting massive particles) Neutrinos: elementary particles with none or very little mass Neutrinos: elementary particles with none or very little mass

Its All Elemental My Dear Watson! Expanding universe = stuff slowly cools down (space is cold dude!!) Expanding universe = stuff slowly cools down (space is cold dude!!) Nucleus protons + neutrons Nucleus protons + neutrons Early space: mostly hydrogen and helium atoms (He formed from H) Early space: mostly hydrogen and helium atoms (He formed from H)

Basic Atomic Structure

Periodic Table

Atomic Number/Isotopes Isotopes Isotopes Isotopes Hydrogen atoms single proton and a single electron Hydrogen atoms single proton and a single electron Isotopes of Hydrogen same number of protons and electrons….different number of NEUTRONS Isotopes of Hydrogen same number of protons and electrons….different number of NEUTRONS Protium 1+, 1- and O neutrons (atomic number of 1) Protium 1+, 1- and O neutrons (atomic number of 1) Deuterium 1+, 1- and 1 neutron (atomic number of 2) Deuterium 1+, 1- and 1 neutron (atomic number of 2) Tritium 1+, 1- and 2 neutrons (atomic number of 3) Tritium 1+, 1- and 2 neutrons (atomic number of 3)

Deuterium/Tritium Fusion Deuterium: 1 proton/1 neutron Deuterium: 1 proton/1 neutron + (nuclei fuse together) + (nuclei fuse together) Tritium: 1 proton/2 neutrons Tritium: 1 proton/2 neutrons = Helium: 2 protons/2 neutrons Helium: 2 protons/2 neutrons (heavier) + (heavier) + 1 free neutron + energy 1 free neutron + energy

Ions Atoms with more or less electrons than they are supposed to have Atoms with more or less electrons than they are supposed to have Formed when atoms gain or lose electrons (bonding and fusion) Formed when atoms gain or lose electrons (bonding and fusion) Anions: have more than the normal amount of electrons (negative ions) Anions: have more than the normal amount of electrons (negative ions) Cations: have less than the normal amount of electrons (positive ions) Cations: have less than the normal amount of electrons (positive ions)

Formation of the Earth/Solar System million years pass million years pass Gravity clumping cooling formed all the masses in the universe Gravity clumping cooling formed all the masses in the universe Stars begin to form(Our sun5 billion years ago) Stars begin to form(Our sun5 billion years ago) Planets (ie. Our solar system) Planets (ie. Our solar system) All still very very very hot!! All still very very very hot!! Too hot for ANYTHING to last Too hot for ANYTHING to last

Doppler Effect The Doppler Effect and Sonic Booms

Expanding/Contracting Universe Theory Which One? Blue Shift of Light galaxies moving toward us (contracting universe) Blue Shift of Light galaxies moving toward us (contracting universe) Faster move toward us more blueshifted Faster move toward us more blueshifted Red Shift of Light galaxies would be moving away from us (expanding universe) Red Shift of Light galaxies would be moving away from us (expanding universe) Faster move away from us more redshifted Faster move away from us more redshifted Ambulance example (eeee ummm) Ambulance example (eeee ummm)

Hubble Expansion Galaxies in our local group are moving away from us Galaxies in our local group are moving away from us Therefore Red Shifting Therefore Red Shifting Proves our universe is still expanding Proves our universe is still expanding

The Big Crunch and Cycling Stuff is still red shifting today Stuff is still red shifting today Eventually gravity will slow junk down Eventually gravity will slow junk down Crap will stop and then slowly begin to blue shift Crap will stop and then slowly begin to blue shift Blue shifting will speed up Blue shifting will speed up Stuff, junk and crap will then form another singularity Stuff, junk and crap will then form another singularity BIG CRUNCH = Another Big Bang BIG CRUNCH = Another Big Bang

Origin of the Atmosphere slaw1/sld022.htm

Thats Some Ha-High Quality H2O!! Water originated in the original formation of the universe (heavy elements bonded together)and solar system Water originated in the original formation of the universe (heavy elements bonded together)and solar system water on earth also came from comets melting as they enter the atmosphere water on earth also came from comets melting as they enter the atmosphere Over billions of years enough melted ice and rain to fill up the crevices in the earth Over billions of years enough melted ice and rain to fill up the crevices in the earth Oceans, lakes and rivers formed Oceans, lakes and rivers formed

Water/Atmosphere Relationship Surface originally too hot No atmosphere present to reflect heat from sun Surface originally too hot No atmosphere present to reflect heat from sun No atmosphere to hold it near the surface No atmosphere to hold it near the surface Evaporated into space Evaporated into space Molecules escaped faster than gravity could hold them Molecules escaped faster than gravity could hold them

OK…..Cool!! Earth cools as time goes on (took a billion years or so) Earth cools as time goes on (took a billion years or so) Early atmosphere forms (outgassing) Early atmosphere forms (outgassing) Ozone forms Ozone forms Traps water from outgassing and comet impacts Traps water from outgassing and comet impacts Water cycle begins Water cycle begins

Water Cycle

Minerals

Carbon Cycle/Sinks

Content/Benchmarks PME IV.1/3 PME IV.1/3 PCM IV.2/3 PCM IV.2/3 PWV IV.4/1,3,4 PWV IV.4/1,3,4 EAW V.3/1 EAW V.3/1 ES V.4/1,2,3,4 ES V.4/1,2,3,4