Basic concepts of medical informatics

1.Definition of medical informatics (MI) 2.Subject, object, method and aim of the MI 3.Information as a resource. Terms and definitions. 4.Types and properties of information 5.Informational processes Lecture Plan

3 Health (Medical) Informatics Simplistic (original) definition: Medical informatics is the application of computers, communications and information technology and systems to all fields of medicine - medical care, medical education and medical research. M.F. Collen, MEDINFO '80, Tokyo = Medical Computer Sciences 20th Century - the birth of Informatics

4 Why Learn Medical Informatics? To behave as a conscious and IT-educated Medical Professional, a Physician of today has to know the basics of Information Technology (technological component of Medical Informatics) Decision Theory (intellectual component of Medical Informatics) as well as the Biomedicine (content component). 21st Century – the Age of Informatics Major Tool – Internet, Global and net resources

5 Health (Medical) Informatics Medical Informatics is the branch of science concerned with the use of computers and communication technology to acquire, store, analyze, communicate, and display medical information and knowledge to facilitate understanding and improve the accuracy, timeliness, and reliability of decision-making. Warner, Sorenson and Bouhaddou, Knowledge Engineering in Health Informatics, 1997 Med.comp.science + Improved decision-making

6 Informatics Use in Health Care Communication Telemedicine Tele-radiology Patient Presentations Medical knowledge management Journals Consumer Health information Evidence-based medical information Decision Support Reminder systems Diagnostic Expert Systems Drug Interaction Information Management Electronic Medical Records Billing transactions Ordering Systems Data operation Digital imaging Biosignals Biostatistics Standardizing and classification SPHERES OF APPLICATION Health care***Research***Education

7 Informatics – what is underlying? Information Technology and Theory Computers, Communications, Data Processing, Algorithms Decision Theory and Applications Bayesian Approach, Expert Systems, Artificial Intelligence, Knowledge-based Systems, Algorithms Biomedical Principles and Theories Anatomy, Physiology, Physics

8 Medical Informatics - Fundamentals Knowledge Management Clinical Information Management CommunicationDecision Support Data operation

9 Medical informatics – highly integrate discipline

10 Medical Information - Classification on Structural Levels Level of medical information Structural level Studied by: Domain Area of medical informatics Infra- individual level Molecular / subcellular Molecular Biology and Genetics LifeSciencesBioinformatics Cell / tissue Cell Biology Organ / SystemPhysiology Neuro - informatics Brain Theory CognitiveSciences Individual level Whole organism (patient) Paraclinical Disciplines (investigations) Clinical Disciplines (diagnosis, treatment) MedicalSciences Clinical Informatics Supra- individual levelCommunity Public Health Health Sciences PublicHealthInformatics HealthcareActivityHealthcareManagement Subjects of our course

Medical informatics – is the science that studies the structure and algorithms of medical information management. Object – is the informational technologies. Subject – is the study of the process of obtaining, storage and transfer of medical information using a personal computer. The main research method of MI: mathematical modeling using computers. Definition of MI

study of informational medical processes development of new informational medical technologies creation and implementation of computing machinery in medicine search for general principles of medical informatics processing Tasks of Medical Informatics:

Information as a resource "Information" (from the Latin - «informatio») means knowledge, message, explanation. Information The concept of "information" is primary.

The message is the impact on the nervous system of a living organism made with some set of signals, stimuli, that can be presented in different ways depending on the systems that produce and receive it. Information – message Information is transmitted via messages. The message is transmitted via a sequence of signals from the sender to the recipient. Information as a resource

Information – message Information as a resource The information is transmitted via messages The message is transmitted via a sequence of signals The environment where the signal is passed is called the transmission channel

Message-transmission scheme The environment where the signal is passed is called the transmission channel The signal passes through the channel Signal s overlaps with noise n As a result, the recipient m gets a mixture m = s + n Information as a resource s s recipient m m n n noise source Information output device Information input device sender The sender transmits a signal s

«Noise» If the message does not carry useful information, then it is the "noise" Information can be converted into "noise", and vice versa, "noise" can be turned into information Example: advertising therapeutic drug

18 Types of Information Digital – textual – visual Categorical (qualitative) – numerical (quantitative) Quantitative: Discrete – continuous Raw – derived – censored Data by measurement: Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio Different types of information require different methods of processing

Types of Information represents the data and the results of medical research and medical practice includes the facts, phenomena, processes, scientific theories, presented for easy use by a human or a computer, aimed at removing uncertainty in pharmacy According to the fields of knowledge: Scientific and Technical Social Biological Economical Medical Pharmaceutical … … Information as a resource

Types of Information Information as a resource According to the types of perception: Visual Auditory Gustatory Tactile Sonic

Types of information parametric a set of numerical values of any parameters obtained during the investigation, analysis, control topological Geometric images, maps, a variety of flat and three- dimensional images abstract based on abstractions, generalizations and symbolizations According to the structural and metric properties: Information as a resource

valuability (relevance); reliability; objectivity; completeness; intangibility (though, can not exist without material carrier) non-additivity (individual messages can not be algebraically added); non-commutativity (individual messages can not be rearranged.) Information properties Information as a resource

23 Data – knowledge - information Data is representation of observations or concepts suitable for communication, interpretation, and processing by humans or machines. Interpreted data forms information – meaningful and useful facts extracted from data, or interpreted data. Knowledge is application of data and information. Communication is the process by which information (data or knowledge) is exchanged between individuals or computers through the use of a commonly accepted set of symbols.

Information processes Data - is the result of observation of the environment with the senses or instruments. Information - is important facts obtained from the data. Knowledge – is information that have been tested and is provided in the form of laws, theories. Information process – is a cycle of creation of information and preservation of it in the form of new data.

25 Data turnover

Information processes Data collection – is data accumulation in order to ensure its completeness for further decision making; Data conversion includes the following: data formalization - data obtained from different sources is transformed to a uniformity; data filtering – is removing the "extra" data that is not needed to make a decision; data sorting – is ordering the data according to a particular trait; Information as a resource

Information processes Data grouping – is combining data on certain characteristics; Data archiving – is organizing data storage in a convenient and easily accessible form, usually in a more economical format; Data protection – is a set of measures designed to prevent the loss, modification or reproduction of data. Information as a resource

28 Medical informatics course Module 1. IT Basics is Healthcare. Data and information. Processing and analysis of biomedical data. Introduction. Data and information. Data from Patients. Methodology for Information Processing and Analysis Module 2. Medical Knowledge and Decision Support. Information systems in health care. Medical Knowledge and Decision Support Patient-centered and institutional information systems in Health Care. Ethical and legal information management in Health Care