English Research Writing in Linguistics Summer School, June 29-July 1, 2015, KNLU T. V. Yakhontova Research Paper in Linguistics: Reaching the Audience

Elements and Structural Parts of the English Research Article Title Abstract Keywords Introduction Methods (and Materials) Results Discussion Conclusions List of References Notes Appendix Acknowledgement Bio-data statement

Requirements to Titles The title should indicate the topic of the study The title should indicate the scope of the study (i.e., neither overstating nor understating its significance) The title should be self-explanatory to readers in the chosen area (Swales & Feak, 1994, Academic Writing for Graduate Students)

Structural Types of English Titles in Linguistics: Quantitative Distribution (2009) 1.Titles consisting of two parts (of different syntactic types) separated by a colon or a punctuation mark other than the colon (46%) 2.Nominative constructions (44%): a. with one noun as a principal element (68%) b. with two or more nouns as principal elements (30%) c. as-constructions (2%) 3. Verbal constructions, that is titles containing a non-finite form of a verb as a principal element (7%) 4. Titles in the form of sentences (2%) 5. Incomplete sentences modified by the prepositions on, to, towards (1%)

Cultural Differences in the Structure of Titles in Linguistics: Some Quantitative Data (2002) Titles Two- part Nomi- native Verbal Senten- ces With on, to, towards English 38%55%3% 1% Ukr / Rus 10%75%0%1%14%

Writing Titles: Some Pieces of Advice Use the structural types of titles most common for English research writing in linguistics Be careful about using stylistic devices in titles

The abstract is a short account of a research paper placed before it The abstract can be treated as a microgenre within a macrogenre of a research article What is the Research Article Abstract?

Communicative Functions of the English Research Article Abstract serves as a short version of the paper, which provides the most important information helps, therefore, the potential audience to decide whether to read the whole article or not prepares the reader for reading a full text by giving him/her an idea of what to expect serves as a reference after the paper has been read

Informative vs. Indicative Abstracts The informative abstract includes main findings and various specifics such as measurements or quantities. This type of abstract often accompanies research reports and looks itself like a report in miniature The indicative abstract indicates the subject of a paper. It provides a brief description without going into a detailed account. The abstracts of this type often accompany lengthy texts or theoretical papers. The combination of both types of journal abstracts is also possible

Rhetorical Structure of Research Article Abstracts Move 1 situates the research (e.g., by stating current knowledge in the field or a research problem) Move 2 presents the research (e.g., by indication its main purpose or main features ) Move 3 describes its methodology Move 4 summarizes the results Move 5 discusses the research (by drawing conclusions and/or providing recommendations)

Writing Abstracts: Some Pieces of Advice Write one-paragraph abstracts containing 4-10 full sentences Choose impersonal active constructions (e.g., This paper reports … ) and/or passive voice (e.g., The data were analyzed …) Do not use negative sentences Use meta-text (e.g.,This paper focuses on …) Avoid using acronyms, abbreviations, and symbols (unless they are defined in the abstract itself) Do not cite by number or refer by number to anything from the text of the paper

Lists of References normally include : books articles (papers) in journals papers in volumes (collections) unpublished work (conference presentations, dissertations, work in press) World Wide Web publications and works on CD-ROM

A List of References includes the following information : authors last name and initials title of work ( book or paper in a journal or collection; the distinction between these two kinds of titles must be shown ) publication date volume number ( for journals ) issue number ( for journals ) editors last name and initials ( for collections only ) place of publishing ( for books and collections ) publishers name ( for books and collections )

Acknowledgments: Major Characteristics Acknowledgments are usually placed at the end of the paper, or, in case of books, at the beginning before the main text They are usually written in the first person I for a single author and we for co-authors Acknowledgments allow the author to demonstrate that he/she is a member of a certain academic community

Bio-data Statements: Major Characteristics They accompany published work and grant applications They are short (approximately words) Bio-data normally include the following information: 1) education 2) work experience 3) relevant qualifications and achievements

Publishing Abroad Where? National journals International journals based at national universities (Text Matters based at the University of Łódź, Poland; Journal of Academic Writing based at the University of Coventry, UK) International journals published by leading publishers and indexed by Scopus and Web of Science databases (Cognitive Linguistics, Journal of Pragmatics, Journal of Literary Semantics, Journal of English for Academic Purposes)

Scientific Publishing Cycle

What is Peer Review? Peer review, also known as refereeing, is a collaborative process that allows manuscripts submitted to a journal to be evaluated and commented upon by independent experts within the same field of research

Forms of Peer Review Under single-blind review the reviewer's name is not disclosed to the author Under double-blind review the identity of the reviewers and the authors are not disclosed to either party Under open review no identities are concealed; author and reviewer names are disclosed

Major Forms of Editors Decisions Accept Accept with revision (either major or minor) Reject

Submitting a Paper: Some Pieces of Advice Before submitting a manuscript, get familiar with the journal. Does your manuscript fit into it? Read carefully a journals submission guide and follow its specific requirements. The more your manuscript conforms to the guidelines, the more chances you have to get it published Ask your colleagues to review the manuscript Do not panic if your manuscript is rejected: think over the opinion of reviewers, revise the paper and send it to another journal

A Long Road to Recognition

The Ivan Franko National University of Lviv

Center for English Academic Writing Ivan Franko National University of Lviv

CEAW Immediate Objectives Introduction of English academic writing courses into the language curriculum of LNU Development of distance English writing courses Organization of short-term trainings for Ukrainian researchers Holding national and international conferences Carrying out empirical pedagogically-oriented research projects

CEAW Global Objectives Popularization of teaching and learning English academic writing at Ukrainian universities Creating a vibrant community of English writing teachers from LNU and other Ukrainian universities Developing CEAW as a site of educational innovation and change

International Memberships EATAW (European Association for the Teaching of Academic Writing) EWCA (European Writing Centers Association) TESOL (Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages)

THANK YOU!