Using Information Technology Chapter 10 The Promises of the Digital Age

The Promises of the Digital Agee 2 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Promises of the Digital Age Society & Information Technology Tomorrow 10.1Emerging Global Telecommunications 10.2Artificial Intelligence 10.3Information & Education 10.4Health, Medicine, & Science

The Promises of the Digital Agee 3 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Promises of the Digital Age Society & Information Technology Tomorrow 10.5Commerce & Money 10.6Entertainment & the Arts 10.7Government & Electronic Democracy 10.8Jobs & Careers

The Promises of the Digital Agee 4 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Emerging Global Telecommunications Two models of telecommunications: Tree-and-branch - a centralized information provider sends out messages through many channels to thousands of consumers Switched-network - people on the system are not only consumers of information (content) but also possible providers of it

The Promises of the Digital Agee 5 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Potential Effect of the Switched-Network Model: Napster & the Rise of File Sharing The switched-network file-swapping model could well change the basic economics not only of the music business but also of the online book-publishing business.

The Promises of the Digital Agee 6 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Artificial Intelligence Artificial intelligence - a group of related technologies used for developing machines to emulate human qualities Natural language processing Expert systems Intelligent agents Pattern recognition Fuzzy logic Virtual reality and simulation devices Robotics

The Promises of the Digital Agee 7 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Natural Language Processing Natural language processing - the study of ways for computers to recognize and understand human language

The Promises of the Digital Agee 8 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Expert Systems Expert system - an interactive computer program used in solving problems that would otherwise require the assistance of a human expert Knowledge base Inference engine User inference

The Promises of the Digital Agee 9 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Intelligent Agents Intelligent agent - a form of smart software, or software with built-in intelligence that monitors work patterns, asks questions, and performs work

The Promises of the Digital Agee 10 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Pattern Recognition Pattern recognition - involves a camera and software that identify recurring patterns in what they are seeing and recognize the connections between the perceived patterns and similar patterns stored in a database

The Promises of the Digital Agee 11 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Fuzzy Logic Fuzzy logic - a method of dealing with imprecise data and uncertainty, with problems that have many answers rather than one

The Promises of the Digital Agee 12 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Virtual Reality & Simulation devices Virtual reality (VR) - a computer-generated artificial reality which projects a person into a sensation of three- dimensional spaceVR A virtual reality rendering of Rome

The Promises of the Digital Agee 13 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Robotics Robotics - the development and study of machines that can perform work normally done by people Robot - an automatic device that performs functions ordinarily executed by human beings or that operates with what appears to be almost human intelligence

The Promises of the Digital Agee 14 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Two Approaches to Artificial Intelligence: Weak versus Strong AI Weak AI - claims that computers can be programmed to simulate human cognition Strong AI - claims that computers can be made to think on a level that is at least equal to humans and possibly even be conscious of themselves Neural networks, genetic algorithms, and cyborgs are three examples of strong AI.

The Promises of the Digital Agee 15 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Artificial Life, the Turing Test, & AI Ethics Artificial life or A-life - the field of study concerned with creatures that are created, replicate, evolve, and die as if they were living organisms

The Promises of the Digital Agee 16 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Artificial Life, the Turing Test, & AI Ethics Turing test - intended to determine whether a computer possesses intelligence or awareness Here a human judge converses by means of a computer terminal with two entities hidden in another location.

The Promises of the Digital Agee 17 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Turing Test

The Promises of the Digital Agee 18 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Information & Education When used by trained teachers in middle schools computers can significantly enhance performance in math learning. Students exposed to the internet in high school say they think the web has helped them improve the quality of their academic research and of their written work. One revolution in educationbefore, during, and after the college years is the advent of distance learning, or cyberclasses, along with the explosion of internet resources.

The Promises of the Digital Agee 19 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Health, Medicine, & Science Operating room output

The Promises of the Digital Agee 20 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Health & Medicine Computer technology is also radically changing the tools of medicine. Besides physicians, patients and health consumers are also going online. Help for Stephen Hawking

The Promises of the Digital Agee 21 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Science Scientists have long been users of information technology. Collaboratory - an internet-based collaborative laboratory, in which researchers all over the world can work easily together even at a distance An entomologist in Central America

The Promises of the Digital Agee 22 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Commerce & Money Sales & Marketing – sales representatives must be comfortable with computer technology. Retailing Becomes E-Tailing – the challenges for internet food ventures are daunting.E-Tailing BankingBanking & E-money - the world of cybercash has come to banking. Stock TradingStock Trading - online trading has changed the nature of trading institutions themselves. Manufacturing - the ultimate goal of factory-automation experts is the lights-out factory.

The Promises of the Digital Agee 23 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Entertainment & the Arts Information technology is being used for all kinds of entertainment, ranging from video games to telegambling. It is also being used in the arts, from painting to photography.

The Promises of the Digital Agee 24 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Entertainment & the Arts Information technology is being used for all kinds of entertainment, ranging from video games to telegambling. It is also being used in the arts, from painting to photography. Computer driven indoor year-round skiing

The Promises of the Digital Agee 25 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Music The World Wide Web is standing the system of music recording and distribution on its headand, in the process, is changing the financial underpinnings of the music industry.

The Promises of the Digital Agee 26 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Movies Computer techniques have even been used to develop digitally created actorscalled synthespians. Animation is not the only area in which computers are revolutionizing movies. Digital editing has radically transformed the way films are assembled.

The Promises of the Digital Agee 27 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Government & Electronic Democracy CommunicationCommunication between residents & local government Online voting Campaigning Paying taxes & finestaxes Touch screen voting

The Promises of the Digital Agee 28 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Jobs & Careers Ways for you to find employers Ways for employers to find youyou What do you want to do?

The Promises of the Digital Agee 29 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What type of program performs work tasks - such as roaming networks and compiling data - on your behalf? An intelligent agent

The Promises of the Digital Agee 30 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What is the term for hybrids of machine and organisms? Cyborgs

The Promises of the Digital Agee 31 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What are the three components of an expert system? Knowledge base, inference engine, and user interface

The Promises of the Digital Agee 32 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check Which branch of AI studies ways for computers to recognize and understand human language? Natural language processing

The Promises of the Digital Agee 33 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What is a method of dealing with imprecise data and uncertainty, with problems that have many answers rather than one? Fuzzy logic

The Promises of the Digital Agee 34 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check Which telecommunications model uses a centralized information provider to send out messages through many channels to thousands of consumers? Tree-and-branch model

The Promises of the Digital Agee 35 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What is the term for a device that represents the behavior of physical or abstract systems? Simulator

The Promises of the Digital Agee 36 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What is the development and study of machines that can perform work normally done by people called? Robotics

The Promises of the Digital Agee 37 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What is another term for a computer-generated artificial reality, which projects a person into a sensation of three-dimensional space? Virtual reality (VR)

The Promises of the Digital Agee 38 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check Which type of strong AI uses physical electronic devices or software to mimic the neurological structure of the human brain? Neural networks

The Promises of the Digital Agee 39 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check In which kind of telecommunications model are people on the system not only consumers, but also providers of information? Switch-network model

The Promises of the Digital Agee 40 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What is the term for an interactive computer program used in solving problems that would otherwise require human assistance? Expert system

The Promises of the Digital Agee 41 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What is the term for the software that controls the search of the expert systems knowledge base and produces conclusions? Inference engine

The Promises of the Digital Agee 42 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What test is intended to determine whether a computer possesses intelligence or awareness? Turing test

The Promises of the Digital Agee 43 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What is the term for an automatic device that performs functions ordinarily executed by human beings? Robots

The Promises of the Digital Agee 44 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What are the two basic approaches to AI? Weak AI Strong AI

The Promises of the Digital Agee 45 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What is the term for the field of study concerned with computer instructions that are created, replicate, evolve, and die like living organisms? Artificial Life or A-Life

The Promises of the Digital Agee 46 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What is the term for a program that uses Darwinian principles of random mutation to improve itself? Genetic algorithm

The Promises of the Digital Agee 47 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What is the expert systems database of knowledge about a particular subject called? Knowledge base

The Promises of the Digital Agee 48 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What are three examples of strong AI? Neural networks, genetic algorithms, and cyborgs