1 Information Technologies Basics in Pharmacy: Basic Concepts. Main Areas of Informational Technologies Lecture 1 on discipline of "Information technologies in pharmacy" for 1st year students of pharmaceutical faculties

2 1.Information as a resource. Terms and definitions 2.The concept of Information Technology 3.Stages of Information Technologies development 4.Information Technology components 5.Problems and prospects of information technologies usage Lecture Plan

3 Information as a resource "Information" (from the Latin - «informatio») means knowledge, message, explanation. Information The concept of information is primary.

4 Norbert Wiener defined the information as the content of the message that system (body, machine) receives from the outside world. Leon Brillouin c onsidered the information to be a measure of reducing the entropy… information is a means of creating some certainty, order, organization. According to William Ross Ashby information is a means of limiting the diversity. Scientists about the Concept of Information Information as a resource

5 The message is the impact on the nervous system of a living organism made with some set of signals, stimuli, that can be presented in different ways depending on the systems that produce and receive it. Information – Message Information is transmitted via messages. The message is transmitted via a sequence of signals from the sender to the recipient. Information as a resource

6 Information – Message Information as a resource The information is transmitted via messages The message is transmitted via a sequence of signals The environment where the signal is passed is called the transmission channel

7 Message-transmission Scheme The environment where the signal is passed is called the transmission channel The signal passes through the channel Signal s overlaps with noise n As a result, the recipient m gets a mixture m = s + n s s recipient m m n n noise source Information output device Information input device sender The sender transmits a signal s Information as a resource

8 «Noise» If the message does not carry useful information, then it is the "noise" Information can be converted into "noise", and vice versa, "noise" can be turned into information Example: advertising therapeutic drug Information as a resource

9 Types of Information represents the data and the results of medical research and medical practice includes the facts, phenomena, processes, scientific theories, presented for easy use by a human or a computer, aimed at removing uncertainty in pharmacy According to the fields of knowledge: Scientific and Technical Social Biological Economical Medical Pharmaceutical … … Information as a resource

10 Types of Information Information as a resource According to the types of perception: Visual Auditory Gustatory Tactile Sonic

11 Types of Information parametric a set of numerical values of any parameters obtained during the investigation, analysis, control topological Geometric images, maps, a variety of flat and three- dimensional images abstract based on abstractions, generalizations and symbolizations According to the structural and metric properties: Information as a resource

12 valuability (relevance); reliability ; objectivity ; completeness ; intangibility (though, can not exist without material carrier); non-additivity (individual messages can not be algebraically added); non-commutativity (individual messages can not be rearranged). Information Properties Information as a resource

13 Information Processes Data - is the result of observation of the environment with the senses or instruments. Information - is important facts obtained from the data. Knowledge – is information that have been tested and is provided in the form of laws, theories. Information process – is a cycle of creation of information and preservation of it in the form of new data. Information as a resource

14 Information Processes Data collection is data accumulation in order to ensure its completeness for further decision making; Data conversion includes the following: Data formalization - data obtained from different sources is transformed to a uniformity; Data filtering is removing the "extra" data that is not needed to make a decision; Data sorting is ordering the data according to a particular trait; Information as a resource

15 Information Processes Data grouping – is combining data on certain characteristics; Data archiving – is organizing data storage in a convenient and easily accessible form, usually in a more economical format; Data protection – is a set of measures designed to prevent the loss, modification or reproduction of data. Information as a resource

16 Definition of Information Technology According to the definition adopted by UNESCO, information technology is a complex of interconnected scientific, technological, engineering disciplines that study the methods of efficient work organization for those who are engaged in information processing and storing; computing machinery and methods of human-machinery interaction, their application tools and all the related social, economic and cultural problems. Information technology

17 Information technology – is a complex of methods, ways and approaches to searching, accumulation, processing, storing, presentation and transmitting of information (data and knowledge) by the means of computing and communications machinery, as well as ways of combining them rationally through manual information processing. Definition of Information Technology Information technology

18 Objective, Methods, Means Any kind of work includes objective, subject, methods and means, therefore: objective of information-communication technologies lies in efficient creating and using of information product according to the users needs; method s of information-communication technologies are the methods of data processing; means of information-communication technologies consist of mathematical, technological, software, informational and other means. Information technology

19 Types of modern information technologies The following information technologies are sorted out: data processing information technologies, management information technologies, automated office information technologies, decision-support information technologies, expert systems information technologies. Information technology

20 Stages of Information Technologies Development There are several approaches to computer- based IT development according to various classification criteria. Common point for all the approaches described below is that the invention of personal computer begun a new stage of IT development. Satisfying information needs of an individual in private as well as professional domain becomes main objective. Information technology

21 Stages of Information Technologies Development The 1st stage (1960s – 1970s) – data processing at computer centres for shared use. Automation of routine human operations was the main direction of IT development. The 2nd stage (since the early 1980s) – creation of IT that were aimed at solving strategic problems. Information technology According to type of tasks and objectives of information processing

22 Stages of Information Technologies Development The 1st stage (until the late 1960s) – is characterised by processing problem of growing data volumes under conditions of limited hardware capabilities. The 2nd stage (until the late 1970s) – is associated with spread usage of the ІВМ/360 computers. The main problem of this stage is software development lag when compared to hardware development level. Information technology According to society informatisation problems

23 Stages of Information Technologies Development The 3rd stage (until the late 1980s) – computer becomes an instrument of nonprofessional users, and information systems become an instrument of decision-making support. The 3rd stage is characterised by the problem of maximal user needs support and making suitable interface for work in computer environment. Information technology According to society informatisation problems

24 Stages of Information Technologies Development The 4th stage (until the late 1990s) – concerns creation of a modern technology of interorganisational connections and information systems. Problems at this stage are numerous. The most essential ones are: designing agreements and setting standards and routing protocols for computer communication; accessing strategic information; information security. Information technology According to society informatisation problems

25 Stages of Information Technologies Development The 1st stage (since the early 1960s) is characterised by quite efficient information processing during carrying out routine operations that was oriented at centralised shared use of resources of computer centres. Balance of resources spent for information systems development and saved due to their implementation was basic evaluation criterion of information systems efficiency. Information technology According to computer technology advantages

26 Stages of Information Technologies Development The 2nd stage (from the mid-1970s) concerns development of personal computers. The approach to information systems creation was changed, it became more individual user- oriented with its aim at decision-making support. Users became more interested in such product, contact with developers was established and mutual understanding of both groups of experts was reached. At this stage decentralised data processing that was oriented at solving the local problems and work with local databases at users workplace was used as well as centralised. Information technology According to computer technology advantages

27 Stages of Information Technologies Development The 3rd stage (since the early 1990s) concerns analysis of strategic advantages in business and is based on development of telecommunication technology of shared information processing. Information systems are aimed not just at higher data processing efficiency and supervisor assistance; but also special information technologies are designed to help an organisation to successfully compete with others and gain an advantage. Information technology According to computer technology advantages

28 According to type of toolset 1st stage (up to second half of the XIX century) – is a manual IT, toolset of which consisted of pen, inkwell, book. Communication was carried out through manual postal transaction of papers, packages, telegrams. Main objective of technology consisted of information presentation in required form. Information technology Stages of Information Technologies Development

29 According to type of toolset 2nd stage (from end of the XIX century) – is a mechanical IT, toolset of which consisted of typewriter, telephone, dictating machine, postal service equipped with more convenient means of message transfer. Main objective of technology consisted of information presentation in a more convenient way. Information technology Stages of Information Technologies Development

30 According to type of toolset 3rd stage (1940s – 1960s of the XX century) – electric IT, toolset of which consisted of large electronic computers with required software, electric typewriters, copiers, portable dictating machines. The main objective of IT was changed. The emphasis started to shift from the form of information presentation to forming information content. Information technology Stages of Information Technologies Development

31 According to type of toolset 4th stage (since the early 1970s) – electronic IT, toolset of which consisted of large electronic computers, automatic control system (ACS), developed on their basis, and information retrieval systems (IRS), equipped with wide range of basic and special software packages. Information technology Stages of Information Technologies Development

32 According to type of toolset 5th stage (since the mid-1980s) – computer (new) IT, toolset of which consists of personal computer with wide array of standard software for various purposes. At this stage the process of ACS personalization is happening, which takes the form of decision- making support software creation by certain experts. Stages of Information Technologies Development Global and local computer networks become widely applied in various areas. Information technology

33 Information Technologies Components Information technologies mastering and its further usage is based on mastering a set of basic operations that are limited in number. This limited set of basic operations arranged in different combinations makes up an action, and actions arranged in various combinations make up complex operations that define a certain technological stage. Combination of technological stages makes up a technological process (technology). Information technology

34 Information technology, as any other technology, must fulfil certain demands: provide high level of breaking-up the information processing into stages (phases), operations, actions; include all the necessary toolset for achieving the set objective; be regular (continual). Information technology Information Technologies Components

35 Technological means of information production are hardware, software and mathematical support of this process. They allow processing raw information into information of a new quality. Among those means software taken separately is called a toolset; more specifically it can be named as an IT software toolset. Information Technologies Toolset Information technology

36 IT toolset is one or more interdependent software products for a certain type of computer, work technology of which allows achieving users set objective. Information technology Information Technologies Toolset

37 Following most common types of personal computer software can be used as a toolset: text processor (text editor), desktop publishing (DTP), spreadsheets, database management systems (DBMS), electronic organizers, electronic calendars, professional information systems (financial, accounting, marketing), expert systems (ES) and others. Information technology Information Technologies Toolset

38 Problems and prospects of information technologies usage Information technology aging It is natural for information technologies to become obsolete and eventually be replaced by new ones. Methodology of information technologies usage Rational methodology of information technologies usage allows to reach better flexibility, support general standards, make local information products compatible, decrease redundant activity and other. Information technology

39 Problems and prospects of information technologies usage Alternative choice of information technologies implementation at pharmaceutical enterprise New information technology must be such, that all information levels and information processing subdivisions will be connected among themselves by a single information array. There are two necessary requirements to information technology choice. The first one is that structure of information processing system must correspond with distribution of authority in an organisation. The second is that information in the system must function in a way that will accurately represent management levels. Information technology

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