Language and Communication

Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication

Linguistic diversity 5000 – 6000

Distribution of languages Vast territory of China – Standard Mandarin (885 million speakers) cf. New Guinea – a population of 5 million people speak over 1000 languages Dagestan – 2,5 million people speak over 30 languages

How many languages are spoken in Russia? 160 ethnic groups 160 ethnic groups over 100 languages over 100 languages

Big Languages 1. Chinese 1.3 миллиард 1. Chinese 1.3 миллиард 2. English million 3. Spanish million 4. Hindi million 5. Arabic million 6. Bengali230 million 7. Portuguese210 million 8. Russian million 9. Japanese130 million 10. German 105 млн.

Languages die From 1490 to 1990 almost half of the world languages died From 1490 to 1990 almost half of the world languages died In the 21 st century an estimated 90% of the languages will die In the 21 st century an estimated 90% of the languages will die

Reasons: Persecution of native speakers (Native Americans) Persecution of native speakers (Native Americans) Diseases, alcohol, drugs Diseases, alcohol, drugs Adopting a more prestigious language Adopting a more prestigious language

Killer languages and liberator languages

Sounds Russian - 8 vowels Russian - 8 vowels Abhasian – two vowels: а, ы Abhasian – two vowels: а, ы Danish – 26 vowels Danish – 26 vowels Russian – 35 consonants Russian – 35 consonants Abkhazian – 58 consonants Abkhazian – 58 consonants Hawaiian – 6 (8) consonants: p, k, l, m, n Hawaiian – 6 (8) consonants: p, k, l, m, n

Unusual sounds Khoi-khoin tribe (South Africa) Khoi-khoin tribe (South Africa) резкие щелчки языком и «целующие» звуки

Unusual sounds Bird Village in Turkey Bird Village in Turkey whistle (telegraph of kinds) Lovers can tenderly whistle to each other at a distance of 5 miles

Musical languages Tone: Chinese (up to 6 – 10 tones) Tone: Chinese (up to 6 – 10 tones) Malagasy language (pronounced Mala- gass), Madagascar Malagasy language (pronounced Mala- gass), Madagascar Malagasy language Malagasy language Vietnamese Vietnamese

Words Chukchi language : Chukchi language : мыткеплувицветыркын – we are playing ball (= мяче играем)

Words Индейский язык науатль: Индейский язык науатль: Вы, уважаемые, могли бы разбить носы до крови, но обошлось.

Words Welsh: Welsh: a 57-letter word – place name: «церковь Св. Марии в долине Белого ореха подле бурного водоворота и церкви Св. Цецилии»

Words A Native American name of a lake in Massachusetts : A Native American name of a lake in Massachusetts : Chargoggagoggmanchauggauggagoggchaub unagunggamaugg - You fish on that side, Ill fish on this side, and no one will fish in the middle.

Terms name of an acid thousand letters name of an acid thousand letters

Grammar forms Tabasaran language in the South of Dagestan – 46 cases (падежей) Tabasaran language in the South of Dagestan – 46 cases (падежей) In Swahili (Africa) – 14 genders: a man and a woman are the same gender, but long and tall trees, round and solid objects, small objects, etc. have different genders. In Swahili (Africa) – 14 genders: a man and a woman are the same gender, but long and tall trees, round and solid objects, small objects, etc. have different genders.

Syntax Word order Word order коровы едят траву (English, Finnish, Chinese, Swahili) коровы траву едят (Hindi, Turkish, Japanese, Korean) едят коровы траву (Arabic, Welsh) едят траву коровы (Malagasy language, цоциль в Центр. Америке) Malagasy languageMalagasy language траву коровы едят (кабардинский) и т. д.

Different suffixes expressing modality: В индейском языке туюка 7 таких суффиксов: он играл в футбол В индейском языке туюка 7 таких суффиксов: он играл в футбол Диига апеви (скажет очевидец) Диига апейи (скажет тот, кто видел игрока в испачканной форме и догадался) Диига апейгы (скажет тот, кто не видел, а прочитал в газете) и т. д.

Politeness Tibetan (speaking to a cat) Tibetan (speaking to a cat)

With every new language a person acquires a new world

Role of language in cognition

"Genuine Irish Linen Handkerchiefs 2 for $3." vs. "Noserags 2 for 25c"

Cattle words Cattle words Salmon words (нуучахнальт, Канада) Salmon words (нуучахнальт, Канада)горбуша кета старый лосось лосось, плавающий в чистой воде плывущий лосось, у которого спинной плавник торчит над водой лосось перед нерестом, зарывающийся в дно лосось, выпрыгивающий из воды лосось, плывущий вверх по течению и т. д. (но всего одно слово для обозначения коровы)

Family words (ndbele, Africa) u-baba – my father u-baba – my father u-yihlo – your father u-yihlo – your father u-yise – his father u-yise – his father u-mama – my mother u-mama – my mother u-nyoko – your mother u-nyoko – your mother u-nina – his mother u-nina – his mother

my father = my father my father = my father my big father = my (older) uncle my big father = my (older) uncle my little father = my (younger) uncle my little father = my (younger) uncle same with mother same with mother

Слова, обозначающие виды походки в языке шона (Африка) идти, шлепая по грязи идти, шлепая по грязи идти со звуком ломающихся веток идти со звуком ломающихся веток идти долгое время босиком идти долгое время босиком идти с палкой идти с палкой идти со сгорбленной спиной идти со сгорбленной спиной ходить беспокойно взад-вперед ходить беспокойно взад-вперед идти, тряся торсом или ягодицами идти, тряся торсом или ягодицами идти, покачивая бедрами идти, покачивая бедрами прохаживаться, оголив толстое тело прохаживаться, оголив толстое тело и т. д. и т. д.

Красные чернила Красные чернила The experience of the first settlers in America The experience of the first settlers in America Пододеяльник Пододеяльник Venick Venick Thermometer Thermometer

Time Grammar tenses Grammar tenses new/old new/old counting time counting time age age etc etc

Time Number of suffixes: в индейском языке кикшт было 7 разных суффиксов для выражения более или менее давних событий. Number of suffixes: в индейском языке кикшт было 7 разных суффиксов для выражения более или менее давних событий.

Conceptualization and categorization of reality

палец, мизинец vs. thumb, finger, toe; палец, мизинец vs. thumb, finger, toe; рука vs. hand, arm; рука vs. hand, arm; нога vs. leg, foot; нога vs. leg, foot; колени vs. knees, lap; колени vs. knees, lap; платок, косынка, шарф, пионерский галстук, кашне vs. scarf; индиец, индеец vs. Indian; платок, косынка, шарф, пионерский галстук, кашне vs. scarf; индиец, индеец vs. Indian; и т. д. и т. д.

"There she lies, the great melting pot..." (Israel Zangwill) ср. рус. плавильный котел. "On the Volga there is a beautiful flower, and her name is Volgograd"

measures measures colors colors голубой/синий/blue голубой/синий/blue

Образы животных fox fox snake snake rabbit rabbit bear bear

«Стрекоза и муравей» Лафонтен: une sauterelle - кузнечик (a light-minded female) Лафонтен: une sauterelle - кузнечик (a light-minded female) Попрыгунья-стрекоза? Попрыгунья-стрекоза? Shuh-Shuhga Shuh-Shuhga

Дракон Дракон женится на драконе (достойные люди выбирают себе подобных). кит. символ силы и благополучия: кит. символ силы и благополучия:

Сорока кит. вестница радости, издающая приятные звуки: кит. вестница радости, издающая приятные звуки: Сорока поет – счастье придет.

Кукушка кит. символ возвращения весны кит. символ возвращения весны

1 ) Different cultures > differences in worldviews 1 ) Different cultures > differences in worldviews (not correct or incorrect, but different) 2) To achieve intercultural understanding, it is necessary to match worldviews. 2) To achieve intercultural understanding, it is necessary to match worldviews. Conclusions

Americans are: Americans are: friendly, friendly, hospitable; hospitable; materialistic; materialistic; optimistic; optimistic; businesslike; businesslike; self-righteous (like to teach others how to live); self-righteous (like to teach others how to live); ambitious; ambitious; independent; independent; hard-working; hard-working; energetic; energetic; patriotic. patriotic. MUTUAL STEREOTYPES Russians about Americans: :

Americans look: Americans look: fat, fat, smiling but insincere; smiling but insincere; happy; happy; cheerful; cheerful; independent; independent; neat; neat; funny; funny; prosperous; prosperous; comfortable; comfortable; healthy; healthy; the same. the same. MUTUAL STEREOTYPES Russians about Americans:

Americans like: Americans like: Coca-Cola; Coca-Cola; junk food; junk food; their country; their country; popcorn; popcorn; chewing gum; chewing gum; hot dogs; hot dogs; work; work; money; money; their family; their family; sports; sports; entertainment; entertainment; their President; their President; psychoanalysts. psychoanalysts. MUTUAL STEREOTYPES Russians about Americans:

Americans always: Americans always: say «Hi» and smile; say «Hi» and smile; interfere with others; interfere with others; wear T-shirts; wear T-shirts; think they are right; think they are right; plan their future; plan their future; consider their own interests; consider their own interests; speak a lot; speak a lot; shout; shout; boast; boast; ask silly questions; ask silly questions; work hard; work hard; care for their rights and privacy. care for their rights and privacy.

MUTUAL STEREOTYPES Russians about Americans: Americans never: Americans never: cheat; cheat; cry; cry; do harm to their health; do harm to their health; dream; dream; think; think; beg; beg; forgive; forgive; complain; complain; waste time or money; waste time or money; disclose their real feelings; disclose their real feelings; think about others; think about others; keep promises; keep promises; depend on a person entirely; depend on a person entirely; eat soup; eat soup; eat much bread; eat much bread; get out of their cars; get out of their cars; walk; walk; wash dishes after meals; wash dishes after meals; drink too much; drink too much; understand or like Russians. understand or like Russians.

MUTUAL STEREOTYPES Americans about Russians: Russians are: Russians are: educated, educated, cultural, cultural, intellectual; intellectual; poor; poor; family-oriented; family-oriented; passionate; passionate; deeply religious; deeply religious; oppressed; oppressed; proud; proud; warm; warm; hospitable; hospitable; hard-working. hard-working.

MUTUAL STEREOTYPES Americans about Russians: Russians look: Russians look: serious; serious; sad; sad; ferocious, ferocious, fierce, fierce, threatening, threatening, hungry, hungry, unhappy; unhappy; big, even the women; big, even the women; tired; tired; unsatisfied; unsatisfied; intimidated, intimidated, very pale, very pale, cold, cold, determined; determined; stern; stern; strict, strict, intense, intense, suspicious. suspicious.

MUTUAL STEREOTYPES Americans about Russians: Russians like: Russians like: vodka; vodka; greasy food; greasy food; books; books; American culture; American culture; friends; friends; music; music; their religion; their religion; dancing, dancing, art; art; drama; drama; history; history; war; war; cold weather; cold weather; entertainment; entertainment; family; family; instant gratification. instant gratification.

MUTUAL STEREOTYPES Americans about Russians: Russians always: Russians always: carry packets and bags; carry packets and bags; push and shove; push and shove; compete well in the Olympics; compete well in the Olympics; kiss both cheeks; kiss both cheeks; argue; argue; yell; yell; accept life; accept life; take care of their families; take care of their families; have to stand in line; have to stand in line; say what they think; say what they think; wear fur and funny- looking hats; wear fur and funny- looking hats; drink; drink; help one another. help one another.

MUTUAL STEREOTYPES Americans about Russians: Russians never: Russians never: have fun; have fun; wear shoes inside their homes; wear shoes inside their homes; stop working; stop working; look at the bright side of things; look at the bright side of things; fall on ice; fall on ice; wait their turns; wait their turns; observe personal space; observe personal space; plan ahead; smile at you on the street; plan ahead; smile at you on the street; appear silly; appear silly; drink water, drink water, live in tropical climates; live in tropical climates; shrink back in fear; shrink back in fear; understand Americans. understand Americans.

IV. Итальянец Диего Марани, долгое время работавший переводчиком, заметил необычную деталь. Во время застолий разноязыкий переводческий люд выбирал не какой-то один язык, а интернациональную смесь. Марани установил, что каждый среднеобразованный европеец имеет в запасе сотни общеупотребительных слов и выражений из основных европейских языков. Если из памяти вылетел вариант сочетания «ай эм» («я есть»), его заменяют французским – «же суи», итальянским -«ио сонно», немецким – «их бин». Марани в шутку назвал такую разговорную смесь «европанто». Шутка имела глубокие последствия. «Европанто» распространился по Европе со скоростью эпидемии. А некоторые европейские газеты, даже в консервативной Швейцарии, ввели у себя отдельные рубрики на этом языке. Не исключено, что «европанто» в ближайшем будущем затмит собой языки общемирового употребления – английский и французский.

Stereotypes