STYLISTICS

Style Origin: 1250–1300; ME (n.) < L stylus/stilus tool for writing, hence, written composition, style; 1.an instrument of metal, bone, or the like, used by the ancients for writing on waxed tablets, having one end pointed for incising the letters and the other end blunt for rubbing out writing and smoothing the tablet. 1.any of various pointed, pen-shaped instruments used in drawing, artwork, etc. the correct use of language

Stylistics Origin: 1840–50; French " Stylistique " -instrument for Writing (world English Dictionary) a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of characteristic choices in use of language, esp literary language, as regards sound, form, or vocabulary, made by different individuals or social groups in different situations of use; (Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary) the study of style and the methods used in written language;

I was glad to get your letter. I was pleased by getting your letter. Getting your letter was a real pleasure for me. Your letter made me jump from joy. Reading your letter was extremely pleasant. To read your epistle was a pure pleasure. Your letter is the best of what happened to me lately. Your letter pleased me greatly.

fields of investigation 1)the aesthetic function of language; 2) expressive means in language; 3) synonymous ways of rendering one and the same idea;

4) emotional colouring of language; 5) a system of special devices called stylistic devices; 6) the interrelation between language and thought; 7) the individual manner of an author in making use of language.

Style: correspondence between thought and expression embellishment of language technique of expression a literary genre different styles of language (functional styles)

functional styles 1)the belles- lettres style; 2) the publicist style; 3) the newspaper style; 4) the scientific prose style; 5) the style of official documents

Stylistics and its Subdivisions

Stylistics a)SDs and Ems desirable effect; b) types of text discourse- functional styles

1) Linguistic stylistics; 2) Literary stylistics (encoding stylistics); 3) Comparative Stylistics 4) Decoding stylistics (of the reader);

Linguistic stylistics studies of literary discourse from a linguistic point of view; studies the linguistic nature of the expressive means of the language, their character and functions.

Literary stylistics (encoding st.) the composition of a work of art various literary genres the writer's outlook

Comparative stylistics contrastive study of more than one language analyses the stylistic resources at the crossroads of two languages

Literary stylistics (encoding st.) the composition of a work of art various literary genres the writer's outlook

Decoding stylistics (of the reader) Sender - message - receiver Speaker - book - reader

Expressive Means (EM) and Stylistic Devices (SD)

Expressive Means fixed in grammars and dictionaries; normalized, and are labeled as intensifiers in some dictionaries; in most cases they have corresponding neutral synonymous forms.

Phonetical Means Pitch Melody Stress Drawling out certain syllables Whispering A sing-song manner of speech and other ways of using the voice

Morphological Means Historical Present shall (2 nd and 3 rd ) Cf.He shall do it (I shall make him do it) He has to do it (It is necessary for him to do it)

Word Building Means diminutive suf. as - у (- ie), - let e.g. dearie, streamlet an unexpected use of the author's nonce words e.g. He glasnosted his love affair with this movie star.

Lexical expressive means group of intensifiers - awfully, terribly, absolutely, etc. words that retain their logical meaning while being used emphatically: It was a very special evening/event/gift.

Lexical expressive means interjections set expressions proverbs and sayings

Stylistic Device the ability of a verbal element to obtain extra significance, to say more in a definite context. Most stylistic devices may be regarded as aiming at the further intensification in the corresponding EM.

Stylistic Device unlike EM, SD are patterns of the language the interplay/interaction of the dictionary and contextual meanings of words will lead to such stylistic devices as metaphor, metonymy or irony.