Plants as Bioreactors Presented by: Hina Amir

A Bioreactor is a device or vessels which are designed to obtain an effective environment for conversion of one material into some product by appropriate biochemical reactions Conversion is carried out by …… enzymes, microorganisms, cells of animals and plants, or sub cellular structures such as chloroplasts and mitochondria. Plants can be used as cheap chemical factories that require only water, minerals, sun light and carbon dioxide to produce thousands of chemical molecules with different structures.

Design gene for high level expression Plant transformation Regeneration of Cell Selection of transgenic Growth of plants in field Harvesting of plant materials Purification of product Biosafety & Functionality test

G - Golgi; PSV - Protein storage vacuole; OB - Oil body; C - Chloroplast; ES - Extracellular space; PVC - Prevacuolar compartment.

Seed-based plant bioreactors Plant Suspension Cultures Hairy Root System Bioreactor Chloroplast bioreactor Types of plant reactors

Seed-based plant bioreactors An example is the successful expression of the human lysosomal enzyme alpha-L-iduronidase in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. The advantage of these systems is that, proteins do not degrade at ambient temperature and are stable for long term storage.

Plant Suspension Cultures Express recombinant proteins, secondary metabolites and antibodies transported to subcellular organelles. For example, is the expression of 80-kDa human lysosomal protein. It offers extreme biosynthetic stability and is suitable for making biopharmaceuticals as for example scopolamine in Hyoscyamus muticus L. hairy root culture. Hairy Root System Bioreactor

Chloroplast bioreactor Insulin, interferon and other biopharmaceutical proteins can be made using Chloroplast bioreactor. Foreign genes are inserted into nuclear chromosomes and with peptides target expressed proteins into chloroplast. An example is the high yield in the expression of human serum albumin protein in chloroplast.

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Vaccine antigens: Antigens like Insulin, rotavirus enterotoxin, anthrax lethal factor, HIV antigen, foot and mouth disease virus antigen, heat stable toxin have been produced in plants. Therapeutic products: The first successful production of a functional antibody, namely a mouse immunoglobulin IgGI in plants, was reported in In 1992, C.J. Amtzen and co-workers expressed hepatitis B surface antigen in tobacco to produce immunologically active ingredients via genetic engineering of plants, Khandelwal et al., 2003; Sharma et al., 2004, Streatfield and Howard, 2003, Tiwari et al., 2009 and Youm et al., 2008.

Nutritional components: β-carotene (Naqvi et al., 2009), Lycopene (Fraser et al., 2002), Flavonoid (Butelli et al., 2008), Nutraceuticals (Kang et al., 2009), Fatty acid (Hoffmann et al., 2008), Vitamins (Nunes et al., 2009), Minerals (Lee & An, 2009) & Carbohydrates (Regina et al., 2006).

Biodegradable plastics: Polyhydroxyalkanoates: biodegradable polymers which occur naturally in plants. Plant was engineered to produce PHAs or PHBs in the various plant cell compartments. Industrial products: Most expensive Drug – Hgc hST (Human somatotropin) rHLF (Recombinant human lactoferrin) Synthetic fiber: Produced from Potato and tobacco.

Low cost source. Simple & Cost effective. Plant pathogens do not infect humans or animals. Produce large biomass. Easy storage for long time. Plant proteins have different sugar residues from human or animal proteins. Low cost source. Simple & Cost effective. Plant pathogens do not infect humans or animals. Produce large biomass. Easy storage for long time. Plant proteins have different sugar residues from human or animal proteins.

a) Effect of GM crops on biodiversity and environment b) Risk that the transgene will transfer to microflora of human and animals. c)The GM crops may bring about changes in evolutionary patterns. c)There is a risk of transferring allergens from GM food to human and animals. d)There is a risk of gene pollution c)Religious issues ……..vegetarian people and some ethnic groups a) Effect of GM crops on biodiversity and environment b) Risk that the transgene will transfer to microflora of human and animals. c)The GM crops may bring about changes in evolutionary patterns. c)There is a risk of transferring allergens from GM food to human and animals. d)There is a risk of gene pollution c)Religious issues ……..vegetarian people and some ethnic groups

Plants are emerging as prominent alternative to conventional methods for the large-scale production of recombinant proteins. Gain a fundamental understanding of biological processes required for the production and accumulation of functional recombinant proteins in plants. The use of plants as bioreactor should be given a boost so as to benefit large number of people especially those who are unable to avail advantage from conventiona products. Plants are emerging as prominent alternative to conventional methods for the large-scale production of recombinant proteins. Gain a fundamental understanding of biological processes required for the production and accumulation of functional recombinant proteins in plants. The use of plants as bioreactor should be given a boost so as to benefit large number of people especially those who are unable to avail advantage from conventiona products. Conclusion

References Zhi-Bi Hu* and Du, d., (2006). Hairy Root and Its Application in Plant Genetic Engineering, Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 48 (2): Schillberg, S., Fischer, R., Emans, N., (2003), Molecular farming of recombinant antibodies in plants. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 60,433–445. Goldstein, D.,A., Thomas, J.,A., (2004), Biopharmaceuticals derived from genetically modified plants. QJM, 97: Sharma, A., K., Jani, D., Tyagi, A.,K., (2004),Transgenic plants as bioreactors. Ind J Biotechnol. 3: Tiwari S, Verma PC, Singh PK, Tuli R. (2009), Plants as bioreactors for the production of vaccine antigens. Biotech adv: Sharma, A.,K. and Sharma, M.,K.,(2009),Plants as bioreactors: Recent developments and emerging opportunities. Biotechnology Advances 27: 811–832 Abranches, R., Marcel, S., Arcalis, E., Altmann, F., Fevereiro, P., Stoger, E. (2005) Plants as bioreactors: a comparative study suggests that Medicago truncatula is a promising production system. J Biotechnol;120:121–34.