Neuroanatomy and physiology
Made up of brain and spinal cord Acts as bodys control center, coordinates bodys activities Impulses travel through the neurons in your body to reach the brain Central Nervous System is yellow in this diagram.
Made up of all the nerves that carry messages to and from the central nervous system. Similar to telephone wires that connect all of our houses in the community Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System work together to make rapid changes in your body in response to stimuli. Peripheral Nervous System is green in this diagram.
CNS Organizational Principles 1) Tubular organization of central nervous system 2) Columnar/longitudinal organization of spinal and cranial nerve nuclei 3) Complex C-shaped organization of cerebral cortex and deep structures
3 types of neurons Sensory Neurons: carry impulses from inside and outside the body to brain and spinal cord. Interneurons: found within brain and spinal cord, process incoming impulses and pass them on to motor neurons. Motor Neurons: carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord.
So how do these neurons work if someone taps you on the shoulder Receptors in the skin sense touch or other stimuli. 2. Sensory neurons transmit the touch message. 3. Information is sorted and interpreted in the brain. A response in determined by interneurons. 4. Motor neurons transmit a response message to the shoulder muscles. 5. The shoulder muscles are activated, causing the head to turn.
How is an impulse transmitted? 1. Stimulus excites sensory neuron. 2. Depolarization (a change in charge due to sodium ions) creates a wave of changing charges down the axon. 3. Impulse moves across synapse (tiny space between one neurons axon and anothers dendrites) with the help of neurotransmitters This is an image of neurons located in the cerebral cortex of a hamster.
The Brain Three main sections Cerebrum 2 hemispheres Controls memory, intelligence, muscles Cerebellum Controls balance, posture and coordination Brainstem Controls involuntary activities such as breathing
The Cerebrum Controls conscious activities, intelligence, memory, language, muscles. Wrinkled with countless folds and grooves and covered with an outer layer of gray matter called the cerebral cortex. Divided into 4 lobes
The Cerebellum Muscle coordination is developed here as well as the memory of physical skills. If the cerebellum is injured, your movements become jerky. When you see an amazing athlete perform, you are watching a well-trained cerebellum at work.
The Brainstem Made up of the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain. Medulla oblongata controls involuntary activities such as heart rate and breathing Pons and midbrain act as pathways connecting various part of the brain with each other. Sometimes called the reptilian brain, because it resembles the entire brain of a reptile.
Show what you know! 1.The Central Nervous System consists of what two parts? 2.What does the Central Nervous System help coordinate?
Show what you know! 3.The Peripheral Nervous System consists of what? 4.What is the difference between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems?
Show what you know! 5.Draw a neuron and label the axon, dendrite and cell body. 6.Describe what roles the dendrites and axons play in a neurons transmission of impulses.
Show what you know! 7.What are the three types of neurons? 8.What is the sequence of events when someone taps you on the shoulder? (5 steps)
Show what you know! 9.What does the cerebrum enable us to do? 10.Compare and contrast the roles of the cerebellum and brain stem.
Major Nervous System Diseases DiseaseNumber of CasesCost per year Chronic Pain97,000,000$100 billion Hearing Loss28,000,000$56 billion Depression Disorders18,700,000$30.4 billion Alzheimer's Disease4,000,000$90 billion Stroke3,800,000$40 billion Epilepsy2,500,000$3.5 billion Traumatic Head Injury2,000,000$25 billion Schizophrenia2,000,000$32.5 billion Parkinson's Disease 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 $25 billion Multiple Sclerosis350,000$2.5 billion Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury250,000$5 billion