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South America is the fourth largest of the worlds continents, generally named the New World, the Western Hemisphere, or simply the Americas. The name America is derived from that of the Italian navigator Amerigo Vespucci, one of the earliest European explorers of the New World. The continent is located in the western hemisphere and mainly in the southern hemisphere.

South America is bounded by the Caribbean Sea to the northwest and north, the Atlantic Ocean to the northeast, east, and southeast, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. In the northwest it is joined to North America by the Isthmus of Panama, a land bridge narrowing to about 80 km at one point. Drake Passage, south of Cape Horn, separates South America from Antarctica. Relatively few islands frame the continent, except in the south. These include the glaciated coastal archipelagoes of Argentina and Chile. Of the remainder, most are small oceanic islands off the coasts of South America, including the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, in the Pacific Ocean.

South America has a total area of about sq km. Its greatest north-south extent is about 4,700 miles, from Point Gallinas, Colombia, to Cape Horn, while its greatest east-west extent is some 3,300 miles, from Cape Branco, Brazil, to Point Pariñas, Peru.

South Americas geologic structure consists of two dissymmetric parts. In the larger, eastern portion are found a number of stable shields forming highland regions ( the Brazilian Highlands and the Guiana Highlands), separated by large basins (including the vast Amazon basin). South America has three important river basins: the Amazon, Orinoco, and Paraguay/Paraná. Amazon River (4,000miles) is not only the second longest river in the world, but also the Amazon carries more water than the world's other 10 biggest rivers combined! The western portion is mostly occupied by the Andes Mountains. The Andes stretch along the Pacific coast of the continent. ¬¬¬¬¬ Mount Aconcagua, in Argentina, near the border with Chile, is the continents highest point and the highest elevation in the Western Hemisphere. The mountain (6,961metres) is located in the Andes mountain range. High plateaus are also a feature of the Andes. The altiplano of Peru and Bolivia, for example, has an elevation of about 3,700 meters.

South America has a wide range of climates which is predominantly wet and hot. However the large size of the continent makes the climate of South America varied with each region having its own characteristic weather conditions, ocean currents and winds.

Although the northern part of South America extends north of the Equator and four-fifths of its landmass is located within the tropics, it also reaches subantarctic latitudes. Much of the high Andes lie within the tropics but include extensive zones of temperate or cold climate in the vicinity of the Equatora circumstance that is unique. The Amazon river basin has the typical hot wet climate suitable for the growth of rain forests. On the contrary, the desert regions of Chile is the driest part of South America. The great range of climatic and ecological zones is one of the most prominent characteristic of South American geography. While South America's rain forests also are some of the wettest places on the earth, the Atacama desert in Chile is considered the driest place on earth.

Official languages in South America Spanish and Portuguese are the most spoken languages in South America, with approximately 200 million speakers each. Spanish is the official language of most countries, along with other native languages in some countries. Portuguese is the official language of Brazil. Dutch is the official language of Suriname; English is the official language of Guyana, although there are at least twelve other languages spoken in the country, including Portuguese, Chinese, Hindustani and several native languages.[55] English is also spoken in the Falkland Islands. French is the official language of French Guiana and the second language in Amapá, Brazil.

Indigenous languages of South America include Quechua in Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Argentina, Chile and Colombia; Wayuunaiki in northern Colombia (La Guajira) and northwestern Venezuela (Zulia); Guaraní in Paraguay and, to a much lesser extent, in Bolivia; Aymara in Bolivia, Peru, and less often in Chile; and Mapudungun is spoken in certain pockets of southern Chile and, more rarely, Argentina. At least three South American indigenous languages (Quechua, Aymara, and Guarani) are recognized along with Spanish as national languages.

Other languages found in South America include Hindustani and Javanese in Suriname; Italian in Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Venezuela and Chile; and German in certain pockets of Argentina, Brazil, and Chile. German is also spoken in many regions of the southern states of Brazil, Riograndenser Hunsrückisch being the most widely spoken German dialect in the country; among other Germanic dialects, a Brazilian form of East Pomeranian is also well represented and is experiencing a revival. Welsh remains spoken and written in the historic towns of Trelew and Rawson in the Argentine Patagonia. There are also small clusters of Japanese-speakers in Brazil, Colombia and Peru. Arabic speakers, often of Lebanese, Syrian, or Palestinian descent, can be found in Arab communities in Argentina, Colombia, Brazil, Venezuela and in Paraguay.

Populace The most populous country in South America is Brazil with million people. The second largest country is Colombia with a population of 48,653,419. Argentina is the third most populous country with 43,847,430. While Brazil, Argentina, and Colombia maintain the largest populations, large city populations are not restricted to those nations. The largest cities in South America, by far, are São Paulo, Lima, and Bogotá. These cities are the only cities on the continent to exceed eight million, and three of five in the Americas. Next in size are Rio de Janeiro, Santiago, Caracas, Buenos Aires and Salvador.

Five of the top ten metropolitan areas are in Brazil. These metropolitan areas all have a population of above 4 million and include the São Paulo metropolitan area, Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, and Belo Horizonte metropolitan area. Whilst the majority of the largest metropolitan areas are within Brazil, Argentina is host to the second largest metropolitan area by population in South America: the Buenos Aires metropolitan region is above 13 million inhabitants.