Modern Russian Public Discourse: Do Changes in Information Technology Lead to New Discourse Strategies, or to New Worldview? Mira Bergelson, MSU mirabergelson@gmail.com.

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Modern Russian Public Discourse: Do Changes in Information Technology Lead to New Discourse Strategies, or to New Worldview? Mira Bergelson, MSU Bekasovo, May 25

Overlapping of communication models: Interactional dimension Current sociocultural processes in the field of public discourse The electronic discourse (web discourse) universe => Are new communication patterns and/or discourse strategies forming? => What is it: a different channel, or a differing worldview ?

Conflict of discourse strategies Russian public discourse is highly hierarchical (vertical), deferential and formal E-discourse (blogs, forums, chats) demonstrates the opposite tendencies: informality, negligence of written language grammar and spelling, disregard for socicultural conventions What will be the linguistic consequences when the two overlap ?

Уважаемый Дмитрий Анатольевич! Здравствуйте еще раз! Пишет Вам Кувшинов Алексей. Когда, когда Вы перестанете быть таким добрым. Да я понимаю Вы принимали присягу перед народом, значит и передо мной. Когда прекратится беспредел на счет приёмных детей? Но, нельзя же грести всех под одну гребенку! Тебе вопрос? Мужик задаёт, тогда рожай сам!!! Что у нас в ЖКХ? Надо всем бесплатно поставить счетчики. Я, плочу живя в коммунальной квартире инвалид 2 группы – за воду 5 ван в день, газ горит как бута целый день, сливаю канализацию: плачу! За что я, должен платить? Пошли нах. Нужна людям справедливость. Сколько людей пить перестанет? Жестче Дмитрий Анатольевич! Вот Вам мой совет П/П. С уважением, Алексей. 15/12/2009

Уважаемый Дмитрий Анатольевич! Здравствуйте еще раз! Пишет Вам Кувшинов Алексей. Когда, когда Вы перестанете быть таким добрым. Да я понимаю Вы принимали присягу перед народом, значит и передо мной. Когда прекратится беспредел на счет приёмных детей? Но, нельзя же грести всех под одну гребенку! Тебе вопрос? Мужик задаёт, тогда рожай сам!!! Что у нас в ЖКХ? Надо всем бесплатно поставить счетчики. Я, плочу живя в коммунальной квартире инвалид 2 группы – за воду 5 ван в день, газ горит как бута целый день, сливаю канализацию: плачу! За что я, должен платить? Пошли нах. Нужна людям справедливость. Сколько людей пить перестанет? Жестче Дмитрий Анатольевич! Вот Вам мой совет П/П. С уважением, Алексей. 15/12/2009

Interactional dimension in the discourse Interactional dimension deals with: Presentation of self Distribution of talk, turn taking Maintaining harmony between participants based on sociocultural norms and universal principles (Cooperation) Linguistic means include: Politeness strategies used to mitigate Face Threatening Acts Ways of address and other formulas Discourse markers Prosody

Public discourse ? Definiitons of discourse based on: Topics (religious, legal, gastronomic, political …) Spheres (common, official, academic, …) Participants and/or Beneficiaries (feminist, nationalist,...) Channels (written, oral, electronic,...) Tasks (persuasive, entertaining,...) Cluster, not a set of binary features Discourse – the process of communicating values and linguacultural models of a given discourse community

Public discourse Open communication within a public sphere, often concerning public interests Public sphere as opposed to private civility, morality, politics, common good

What is public discourse in Russian ? Between «общественный» and «публичный» 1. public vs. state 2. public vs. private Russian understanding of the public discourse: Issues that are relevant for the nation (not the community !!) or issues discussed by public actors discussed in private vs. discussed in public (in media)

Electronic discourse Information-handling dimension Pragmatically defined efficiency of information search online request for information a prevalent goal-oriented behavior => led to working out new politeness strategies Interactional dimension Communication (=общение), sharing as an ultimate goal Absence (=voidness) of a prototypical Addressee No means to build a model of his/her current cognition => a deficient theory of mind Authors safety => high degree of Pragmatic Control

Pragmatic Control (PC) PC is responsible for various aspects of interaction between participants in discourse; for both linguistic politeness and its conscious and accepted absence. A degree of the Speakers assessment of her/his right to certain communicative behavior towards the Addressee. motivates the Speakers decision to use politeness strategies and to choose among them. Politeness is but an instance of Pragmatic Control principle. the Politeness Strategies Hierarchy is based on speakers assessment of the degree of pragmatic control they possess in a current discourse event with a given addressee. In certain cases even highly face-threatening acts are performed without any mitigation. The way pragmatic control is expressed in various public discourse events and shared between various discourse participants sheds light on distribution of power

Discourse and sociocultural foundations of Pragmatic Control Personal relations between the participants in communication background online Controlled communication Discourse genres with a non-flexible scenario Institutional contexts allow only certain types of discourse Less than full communicative competence of a participant Socio-cultural norms determining status of the communicants Age, gender, position in the hierarchy, physical ability, hair color BUT: high degree of PC doesnt mean lack of linguistic politeness Participant with high PC has a choice

Data sources 1. Dmitry Medvedevs blogs ( ) allow posts and free discussion (comments and new posts within a thread, starting a new thread, etc) moderated for obscenities and off-topic content 2. Blogs of Russian officials - civil servants ( ) The blogs themselves are a funny mix of formal and informal registers in an electronic narrative mode Formal (informational dimension) – typical bureaucratic expressions and constructions Informal - use of interactional discourse markers addressed to the audience, borrowings from the oral speech and specific internet jargon

Features for a discourse (interactional dimension) analysis: Comments to the narrative in both data sources Modes of address and degrees of informality Evidence of split or intermediate politeness Communication goals Discourse genres Two samples demonstrate different strategies: 1 st sample: December 2009 – split politeness 2 nd sample: February–May 2011 – intermediate politeness

1 st sample - Traditional (ca. 30%) High-power, Large-distance strategy Traditional greeting and leaving formulae, forms of address, expressions of gratitude Глубоко)уважаемый Дмитрий Антольевич!, Спасибо за внимание, Жду ответа Filinova, Московская область 1 декабря :25 Filinova Глубокоуважаемый Дмитрий Анатольевич, только благодаря обращению к Вам лично мне удалось получить ответ о гражданстве в РФ (многие госучреждения отписываются, при том очень даже изобретательно). Теперь новый вопрос опять к Вам, как юристу, по защите прав садоводческих некоммерческих товариществ…..

1 st sample – Non-deferential Conversational language, lack of greeting and leaving formulae непейвода евгений, Красноярский край 1 декабря :27 здрав дмит анат. в милиции беспредел. хотят сажают, хотят сами стреляют. А прокуратура требует с них показателей. а суды? просто умора. сделают по закону, так прокурор оспаривает и себе галочку. все повязаны. адвокатов ни во что не ставят.. непейвода евгений вмешайтесь в проблему малых городов типа нашего. все федеральные органы продажны. а прокурор молодой себе карьеру делает. стряпает не существующие дела. ну и про себя не забывает. тем более он засланный казачок, не местный... увы, все в руках непонятных людей с москвы и красноярска. развития нет. нужно ваше вмешательство. Влад, Республика Саха (Якутия) 4 декабря :48. Читаю комментарии и думаю: дурак начальник-горе для подчинённых (русская народная пословица). А вывод такой: дурак подчинённый,который,пытаясь избавиться от горя, идёт к начальнику. Влад

Discussion of the Sample 1 data Electronic public discourse demonstrates deviations from a classical hierarchical (written) public discourse in terms of language Insignificant changes in the communication goals. Overall, it is still the same discourse genre of complaints to the boss – челобитные. No evidence of intermediate politeness strategies extremities, or split politeness phenomena Persuasive or argumentative discourse is rare There is still a long way from making electronic lamentations discourse into a real public discourse, officials blogs yet have to become discussion clubs

2 nd sample Year and a half later + another source Study of the address forms Scale of politeness: Highly deferential form->Low-power/Large-distance->Low- power/Neutral-distance->No greeting-> To multiple Addressees (=ignoring the boss) Three threads from the Medvedevs blog 387 comments ( ) Three blogs of regional officials Altogether 15 posts with 387 comments ( )

2 nd sample Highly deferential form - ?? Low-power/Large-distance (Уважаемый) Господинт Президент (17) Господин губернатор (3) Low-power/Neutral-distance (Уважаемый/Здравствуйте) Дмитрий Анатольевич! (131) Евгений Ефимович!; Добрый день, Евгений; Уважаемый Александр; - (23) No greeting (Non-deferential) 216 = 56% 338 = 87% (mostly addressed not to the blogger, but to other participants To multiple Addressees 20 19

2 nd sample: Examples Ремонт дорог в 2011 году (April 29, 2011) Ремонт дорог в 2011 году Вчера, на совещании у Главы Администрации города Якоба А.Э. был утвержден перечень улиц для ремонта покрытия методом холодного фрезерования на 2011 год. 13 comments 1 typical request to the boss 12 – discussion of problems addressing the community Добрый день, Евгений. Михаил Блинкин сделал перевод лекции Фила Гудмана о транспортной политике: Прокомментируйте, пожалуйста. Планируется ли переход к цивилизованному движению в Екатеринбурге? Т.е. большие парковочные комплексы (подземные?), современный точный быстрый трамвай с обособленными путями. Т.е. ограничение автомобильного трафика с одновременным увеличением трафика общественного транспорта.

Some less than regular examples Здравствуй и процветай, мой уважаемый Дмитрий Анатольевич ! Сана Саныч!

Discussion of the Sample 2 data Intermediate rather than split politeness strategies Presentation of self as a participant in the discussion rather than a petitioner Addressing the community rather than the blogger him/herself

Conclusions Are new communication patterns and/or discourse strategies forming? Definitely yes! By using the same (as in other domains of blogging discourse genre) linguistic means What is it: a different channel, or a differing worldview ? To be yet decided Presentation of self, respect for the self and the other