- CONFIDENTIEL - 8 October 2010 " Как запатентовать софтверные разработки в Евросоюзе Споры и суды по нарушению и оспариванию патентов в Евросоюзе"

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- CONFIDENTIEL - 8 October 2010 " Как запатентовать софтверные разработки в Евросоюзе Споры и суды по нарушению и оспариванию патентов в Евросоюзе"

- CONFIDENTIEL - Patents Самое принципиальное различие состоит в уровне правовой защиты Получение патента дает его владельцу преимущественное право требовать от других лиц либо полной остановки использования аналогичного продукта его либо понуждения по закону к заключению договора лицензии с владельцем патента с выплатой ему роялти

- CONFIDENTIEL - Patents Отличие патента от copyright Пример программного обеспечения как специфичного (но очень распространенного вида) В случае защиты по copyright очень сложно бороться с копиями (клонами) программного обеспечения тогда же как наличие патента дает однозначное право его владельцу в отношении приоритета на программу Следовательно любая программа воспроизводящая полностью или частично свойства программы имеющей патент, будет нарушать права владельца патента

- CONFIDENTIEL - Patents Случай с программным обеспечением не одинок и подобные же механизмы работают при обеспечении защиты продуктов, товаров, услуг, концепций, графики, дизайна и тому подобных объектов Патентная защита на Software или бизнес методов возможна только по законодательству США и Японии

- CONFIDENTIEL - Patents В ЕС получить патент на Software или бизнес метод можно только получив патент как на метод используемый с конкретным Hardware или с другими аппликациями когда речь идет о методах Конкретный пример получение патента в ЕС по Мюнхенской Конвенции компанией Microsoft для защиты программы Windows OS и ее новых версий В смысле сравнения с очень важным фактом является то что в США и Японии есть очень хорошие базы данных для патентного поиска в отношении программных продуктов так как опыта больше Тем не менее проблема остается на уровне стандартов и в частности unobviousness В этом смысле как правило нет дополнительных расходов на внесение наблюдений в процессе анализа заявки в странах применяющих право EC

- CONFIDENTIEL - Patents Общепризнанным в практике фактом является то что несмотря на превышающую стоимость подготовки заявки ( имеются в виду и компьютерные программы если в их отношении возможно патентование совместно с Hardware) Последствия нарушения прав патентирования в силу детальности подготовки материалов заявок стоят в ЕС дороже Это логично исходя из факта что подготовка делается на основании крайне требовательных критериев Стоимость защиты нарушенных прав остается критерием для принятия решения о том где патентовать но при этом важным остается вопрос о том также зачем патентовать в ЕС или США

- CONFIDENTIEL - Patents Делать заявку в США после получения патента в странах EC легче. Верно и обратное Самой сложной частью является описание что само по себе и является предметом компетенции специалистов знающих как технику описания так и процедуру Патентная система имеет свои недостатки так как расходы на процедуру велики и получение патента не значит что юридическая безопасность от нарушений прав владельцу полностью гарантирована

- CONFIDENTIEL - Patents ЕС Более конкретно European Patent Office в Мюнхене существует с 1970 года на основании European Patent Convention Заявка в ЕС должна быть внесена на одном из трех языков English, French, German или на языке страны участника договора где заявитель находится Заявка поданная на одном из языков будет проверена и опубликована на этом же языке. Перевод обязателен на один из официальных языков если заявка подана ни на одном из трех перечисленных

- CONFIDENTIEL - Patents Процедура подачи заявок Если патент выдан то владелец должен подать запрос о его признании в тех странах где он ищет его признания вместе с копией описания и с дополнительными переводами Таким образом пока патент в ЕС (Европатент) рассматривается как совокупность регистраций в каждой стране

- CONFIDENTIEL - Patents Процедура подачи заявок Подготовка заявки длится несколько месяцев, патентный поиск до 6 месяцев Процедура регистрации до 2.5 лет, оплачиваются периодические пошлины за поддержание патента, после определенно срока жизни изобретение навсегда теряет патентную защиту и переходит в свободное пользование

- CONFIDENTIEL - Patents Будущее ЕС Патентной Директивы и применение статьи 52 Европейской Патентной Конвенции национальными судами Принципы В правовых системах построенных на принципе First to Invent Проблемы Patent Stalking (tends to Inventing Patents rather that Patenting Inventions Patent Law: Unacceptably expensive, complicated and unpredictable Преимущества Возможность патентирования компьютерных программ и бизнес методов

- CONFIDENTIEL - Patents Принципы В правовых системах построенных на принципе First to File Проблемы Невозможность патентирования компьютерных программ и бизнес методов Преимущества Patenting Inventions rather Inventing Patents Patent Law: Acceptably expensive, complicated but predictable Возможность получения патента если содержат элементы необходимые для функционирования защищенного патентом изделия

- CONFIDENTIEL - PATENTS EU Parliament bins software patent bill July 2005 The European Parliament has voted by a massive majority to reject the software patents directive, formally known as the Directive on the Patentability of Computer Implemented Inventions. The vote to scrap the bill was passed by a margin of 648 votes to 14, with 18 abstentions The Foundation for a Free Information Infrastructure (FFII) says the rejection is a logical response to the Commission and Council's refusal to take parliament's will into consideration

- CONFIDENTIEL - PATENTS Brussels, COM(2010) 350 final 2010/0198 (CNS) Proposal for a COUNCIL REGULATION (EU) on the translation arrangements for the European Union patent (laccord de Londres – ratification, three languages for filing, no technical translation required into EU languages, problems- risk of translation into other languages by non pro tranlsator and therefore more litigation in the future..)

- CONFIDENTIEL - EU OFFICIAL LANGUAGES Les langues officielles de l'Union européenne sont les langues de communication officielle des institutions de l'Union européenne.languesUnion européenne Ces langues, au nombre de vingt-trois, comptent l'allemand, l'anglais, le danois, l'espagnol, le français, le finnois, le grec, l'italien, le néerlandais, le portugais et le suédois, auxquelles se sont ajoutées le 1 er mai 2004 lestonien, le hongrois, le maltais, le letton, le lituanien, le polonais, le tchèque, le slovaque et le slovène, puis le 1 er janvier 2007, le bulgare et le roumain. Depuis également le 1 er janvier 2007, l'irlandais (gaélique) qui avait auparavant le statut de « langue des traités » est devenu une langue de travail et la 23 e langue officielle, à part entière [1]. Ce nouveau statut a été accordé le 13 juin 2005 par le Conseilallemandanglais danoisespagnolfrançaisfinnoisgrecitaliennéerlandais portugaissuédois1 er mai2004estonienhongroismaltaislettonlituanienpolonais tchèqueslovaqueslovène1 er janvier2007bulgare roumain1 er janvier2007irlandaisgaéliquelangue officielle [1]13juin2005

- CONFIDENTIEL - Как запатентовать софтверные разработки в Евросоюзе" "Споры и суды по нарушению и оспариванию патентов в Евросоюзе" Liability rules in EU Directive 2000/31/EC of June 8, 2000 on electronic commerce implemented: In France by Law No of June 21, 2004 on confidence in digital economy In Germany by the Teleservices Act of December 14, 2001 In the United Kingdom by the Electronic Commerce Regulations 2002 No of July 30, 2002

- CONFIDENTIEL - Как запатентовать софтверные разработки в Евросоюзе" "Споры и суды по нарушению и оспариванию патентов в Евросоюзе" France Law No of June 21, 2004 on confidence in digital economy: No obligation a priori of surveillance of the contents Duty to implement an easily and accessible notification procedure for certain unlawful contents. IAP (Internet Access Provider) and Internet Hosts (IH) can be held liable in case of actual knowledge or the obvious nature of the infringement and failure to promptly withdraw the information or make its access impossible Knowledge is presumed if notification has been made Liability of the Website owner which edit online

- CONFIDENTIEL - Как запатентовать софтверные разработки в Евросоюзе" "Споры и суды по нарушению и оспариванию патентов в Евросоюзе" Germany Teleservices Act of December 14, 2001 No obligation a priori of surveillance of the contents IAP (Internet Access Provider) and Internet Hosts (IH) can be held liable for damages and criminally in case of actual knowledge or the obvious nature of the infringement Obligation to promptly withdraw the information or make its access impossible Knowledge is presumed if notification has been made Unrestricted liability for injunction

- CONFIDENTIEL - Как запатентовать софтверные разработки в Евросоюзе" "Споры и суды по нарушению и оспариванию патентов в Евросоюзе " United Kingdom for Service Providers Electronic Commerce (EC Directive) Regulations 2002 Do not impose liability where none would exist as a matter of ordinary law Normally no basis to allege trade mark infringement objective of regulations is copyright and libel If liability for hosting does exist then service provider has no liability to damages if not aware of unlawful activity acts expeditiously to remove unlawful content on being made aware

- CONFIDENTIEL - Как запатентовать софтверные разработки в Евросоюзе" "Споры и суды по нарушению и оспариванию патентов в Евросоюзе« FRANCE PRESENTATION PATENTS IN FRANCE General Compensatory Damages Counterfeiting Mass Lost Gain (Lost Profit/Lost Royalty) Loss Suffered Costs Perspectives Opened by Directive 2004/48/EC

- CONFIDENTIEL - Как запатентовать софтверные разработки в Евросоюзе" "Споры и суды по нарушению и оспариванию патентов в Евросоюзе« FRANCE Absence of specific provisions regarding damages for patent infringement Application of general provisions governing liability Article 1382 of the Code civil setting the principle of tort liability Article 1149 of the Code civil setting the distinction between lost gain (gain manqué) and loss suffered (perte subie) Consequences Damages compensated to the extent they are a certain and measurable consequence of the infringement Infringers' profits cannot be claimed as damages Absence of punitive damages

- CONFIDENTIEL - Как запатентовать софтверные разработки в Евросоюзе" "Споры и суды по нарушению и оспариванию патентов в Евросоюзе« FRANCE Other factors impacting amounts of damages granted Absence of binding precedents (case law not always consistent) No jury trials (exclusively bench trials) No discovery (but court may appoint a judicial expert) Statute of limitation: 3 years from each infringing act (Article of the CPI)

- CONFIDENTIEL - Как запатентовать софтверные разработки в Евросоюзе" "Споры и суды по нарушению и оспариванию патентов в Евросоюзе« FRANCE Who can claim? Registered owner Owner (if application published or infringer aware) Co-owners (notification to other co-owners requested) Exclusive licensee (if owner abstains and if registered at INPI or infringer aware) Compulsory licensee Ordinary licensee (can join infringement action – but claim exclusively based on unfair competition) Exclusive reseller: No Owners creditor: No

- CONFIDENTIEL - Как запатентовать софтверные разработки в Евросоюзе" "Споры и суды по нарушению и оспариванию патентов в Евросоюзе« FRANCE Who can be sued? French manufacturer (also covers goods aimed at exportation and good faith irrelevant) French user (except in case of private or experimental use) French importer (good faith irrelevant) French reseller (only if aware of infringement) Foreign exporter (only if aware of infringement and actively participated) Contributory infringer (i.e. aware of infringement and provided means of implementation of essential elements of the invention - Article L of the CPI)

- CONFIDENTIEL - Как запатентовать софтверные разработки в Евросоюзе" "Споры и суды по нарушению и оспариванию патентов в Евросоюзе" It nevertheless provides that: measures aimed at ensuring the enforcement of IP rights shall also be "effective, proportionate and dissuasive and shall be applied in such a manner as to avoid the creation of barriers to legitimate trade and to provide for safeguards against their abuse (Article 3) damages shall take into account "any unfair profit made by the infringer" and that damages may be set "on the basis of elements such as at least the amount of royalties (Article 13) Strong lobbying for the adoption of sui generis rules for damages is expected in France throughout the implementation process of the Directive

- CONFIDENTIEL - Как запатентовать софтверные разработки в Евросоюзе" "Споры и суды по нарушению и оспариванию патентов в Евросоюзе« FRANCE France - Compensatory Damages (Counterfeiting Mass) The counterfeiting mass includes: All infringing items manufactured, sold or imported by the infringer Items covered by the undividable whole (tout indivisible) theory Hypothesis of undividable material/functional whole/unit (e.g. unpatented portion of an apparatus undividable from thepatented portion) Hypothesis of commercial whole/unit (e.g. infringed item was a determining factor, accessories, spare parts)

- CONFIDENTIEL - Как запатентовать софтверные разработки в Евросоюзе" "Споры и суды по нарушению и оспариванию патентов в Евросоюзе« FRANCE France - Compensatory Damages -Lost Gain (Lost Profit) Lost profit can only be claimed by patentee directly working the patent in France Calculation of lost profit Obtained by multiplying the number of infringing products by the profit the patentee would have made on such products Usually based on net profits (selling price – variable and fixed costs) Sometimes based on gross margin (selling price – variable costs) if fixed cost would have remained identical for patentee Mitigating factors Importance of the invention (minor/major improvement) Industrial capacities Commercial capacities (strength of trade channels) Substitutes/third parties competition

- CONFIDENTIEL - Как запатентовать софтверные разработки в Евросоюзе" "Споры и суды по нарушению и оспариванию патентов в Евросоюзе« FRANCE France - Compensatory Damages -Lost Gain (Lost Royalty) The patentee is entitled to the lost royalty he would have earned had the infringer been granted a license Assessment of royalty rate usually involves three steps: Determination of the infringers turnover Determination of what would be standard/reasonable contractual rate (by reference to rates applied by patentee to licensees or by competitors in similar technologies – frequent consultation of expert) Slight increase of the standard rate

- CONFIDENTIEL - Как запатентовать софтверные разработки в Евросоюзе" "Споры и суды по нарушению и оспариванию патентов в Евросоюзе« FRANCE France - Compensatory Damages -Loss Suffered Losses suffered (distinct from lost gains) aimed at compensating: Exclusion from the relevant market Loss of the opportunity to provide services in connection with the patented product (installation/maintenance) Depreciation of the patent and of the patented product Debasement of prices Appropriation of ones investments (R&D, advertising) Legal costs (only partially compensated)

- CONFIDENTIEL - Как запатентовать софтверные разработки в Евросоюзе" "Споры и суды по нарушению и оспариванию патентов в Евросоюзе« FRANCE France - Costs Court costs (very low) born by failing party Article 700 of the NCPC allows French courts to grant to the prevailing party partial refund of its attorneys costs (amounts tend to become more significant but usually remain much lower than those actually incurred)

- CONFIDENTIEL - Как запатентовать софтверные разработки в Евросоюзе" "Споры и суды по нарушению и оспариванию патентов в Евросоюзе" France - Whats Next: Implementation of Directive 2004/48/EC (1/2) Adoption on April 29, 2004 of Directive 2004/48/EC on the enforcement of IP rights Directive to be implemented by Members States by April 29, 2006 Directive refers to "Member States' international obligations including those under the TRIPS agreement, under which: Members shall provide for remedies which constitute a deterrent to further infringements (Article 41-1) Members may authorize the judicial authorities to order recovery of profits (Article 45) Directive is less favorable to patentees than its initial draft version of January 30, 2003

- CONFIDENTIEL - Как запатентовать софтверные разработки в Евросоюзе" "Споры и суды по нарушению и оспариванию патентов в Евросоюзе" France - Whats Next: Implementation of Directive 2004/48/EC (2/2) It nevertheless provides that measures aimed at ensuring the enforcement of IP rights shall also be "effective, proportionate and dissuasive and shall be applied in such a manner as to avoid the creation of barriers to legitimate trade and to provide for safeguards against their abuse (Article 3) damages shall take into account "any unfair profit made by the infringer" and that damages may be set "on the basis of elements such as at least the amount of royalties (Article 13) Strong lobbying for the adoption of sui generis rules for damages is expected in France throughout the implementation process of the Directive

- CONFIDENTIEL - Как запатентовать софтверные разработки в Евросоюзе" "Споры и суды по нарушению и оспариванию патентов в Евросоюзе"Patent Damages in Germany Patent Damages in Germany Overview Statutory Bases of Damages Calculation of Damages Procedural Law

- CONFIDENTIEL - Как запатентовать софтверные разработки в Евросоюзе" "Споры и суды по нарушению и оспариванию патентов в Евросоюзе"Patent Damages in Germany Patent Damages in Germany Statutory Bases (§§ 139 Patent Act / 24a Utility Model Act) Infringement of a granted patent of the claimant Claimant Registered owner Exclusive licensee Ordinary licensee in a representative action Defendant can be any person or entity infringing a patent Manufacturer Distributor User (if no private or privileged use) Contributory infringement by those providing means for the exploitation of a patent

- CONFIDENTIEL - Как запатентовать софтверные разработки в Евросоюзе" "Споры и суды по нарушению и оспариванию патентов в Евросоюзе"Patent Damages in Germany Patent Damages in Germany Limitation (§§ 141 (1) Patent Act, 195, 199 Civil Code) 3-year period starting at the end of the year in which the claimant learned or ought to have learned about the infringement 10-year period of origination of the claim 30-year period of the infringement whatever is shortest

- CONFIDENTIEL - Как запатентовать софтверные разработки в Евросоюзе" "Споры и суды по нарушению и оспариванию патентов в Евросоюзе" Patent Damages in Germany Calculation of Damages – Claimant may finally elect loss of profit profit realized by the infringer marketable license

- CONFIDENTIEL - Как запатентовать софтверные разработки в Евросоюзе" "Споры и суды по нарушению и оспариванию патентов в Евросоюзе" Patent Damages in Germany Loss of Profit Comparing assets with and without the infringement What is the amount of the loss caused by the infringement? Claimant must prove that he (or a licensee) would have had the business had the infringer not used the infringing technology. decline in business after infringer stepped in no other reasons for decline Claimant must provide at least a well-substantiated estimate (§ 287 Code of Civil Procedure)

- CONFIDENTIEL - Как запатентовать софтверные разработки в Евросоюзе" "Споры и суды по нарушению и оспариванию патентов в Евросоюзе" Profits Realized by the Infringer exclusive of any further benefits derived from the rise in working capital (no evolving profits) No overhead deduction Supreme Court decision only relating to design models Judges want to find distinction to correct the decision for patent cases, argument: design model has often bigger influence on total profit than patent correcting element shall possibly be found elsewhere Exclusive of: rise in profits relating to advertising, enhanced distribution channels, goodwill of the infringer Open: Reclaim of costs saved by the use of patented technology

- CONFIDENTIEL - Как запатентовать софтверные разработки в Евросоюзе" "Споры и суды по нарушению и оспариванию патентов в Евросоюзе" Patent Damages in Germany Marketable License Claimant is to be put in a position not worse than the position claimant would have been in had the infringer asked for a license What would have the parties agreed had they foreseen the course of business? Interest: prime lending rate plus 3.5% starting February 1 of the year following the infringement Increase / decrease: plus loss of goodwill of the claimant, no inspection of books, possibility to attack the validity of the patent minus uncertainty of infringers investment, risk of exposure to further damages, use of other patents / IP rights

- CONFIDENTIEL - Как запатентовать софтверные разработки в Евросоюзе" "Споры и суды по нарушению и оспариванию патентов в Евросоюзе« GERMANY Patent Damages in Germany Procedural Law No discovery, no disclosure No saisie, no Anton Piller order – changing now No attack on a granted patent in infringement proceedings – stay in case the Patent Office overlooked something National nullity proceeding only after opposition decision or end of term to oppose Routine decisions within one year Preliminary injunctions within hours / several weeks Multi-step procedure for damages: Obtain a decision on the infringement Enforce claims concerning information and rendering of account Litigate on affirmation in lieu of oath if necessary Litigate the amount of damages And finally: enforcement of damages against all infringers

- CONFIDENTIEL - Как запатентовать софтверные разработки в Евросоюзе" "Споры и суды по нарушению и оспариванию патентов в Евросоюзе« Patent Damages in the UK Patent Damages in the UK UK - Overview General Procedure Damages Suffered Profits made Costs

- CONFIDENTIEL - Как запатентовать софтверные разработки в Евросоюзе" "Споры и суды по нарушению и оспариванию патентов в Евросоюзе"Patent Damages in the UK Patent Damages in the UK UK - General - Claimants Legal and registered owner Legal owner but not registered with Patent Office 6 month grace period to register from date of transfer thereafter no damages for infringements occurring prior to registration Co-owners other co-owners to be made a party (as either co-claimants or defendants) Exclusive licenseowner to made a party (as either claimant or defendant)

- CONFIDENTIEL - Как запатентовать софтверные разработки в Евросоюзе" "Споры и суды по нарушению и оспариванию патентов в Евросоюзе"Patent Damages in the UK Patent Damages in the UK UK - General - Defendants Manufacturer Reseller End user Importer - person responsible for goods being in the UK (Sabaf v MFI)

- CONFIDENTIEL - Как запатентовать софтверные разработки в Евросоюзе" "Споры и суды по нарушению и оспариванию патентов в Евросоюзе"Patent Damages in the UK Patent Damages in the UK UK - General - Inquiry and Remedies Inquiry as to damages 2nd stage of infringement proceedings claimant normally entitled to proceed with inquiry even if there is an appeal on liability assessment for each pleaded infringement up to date of inquiry excludes infringements that occurred more than 6 years before date of infringement proceedings (Limitation Act 1980) Two remedies for damages are available - damages suffered by claimant account of profits made by defendant Claimant may only elect one remedy can delay election until basic financial information has been disclosed by defendant

- CONFIDENTIEL - Как запатентовать софтверные разработки в Евросоюзе" "Споры и суды по нарушению и оспариванию патентов в Евросоюзе"Patent Damages in the UK Patent Damages in the UK UK - Damages Suffered (1/3) Damages are compensatory for the loss suffered by claimant no punitive damages (even if benefit gained by defendant is greater than loss suffered by claimant) Claimant is to be put in the position that he would have been in if the infringement had not been committed, subject to: loss being reasonably foreseeable loss being caused by the infringement, loss not excluded from recovery by public/social policy Can only claim once in respect of loss suffered cannot seek further damages against downstream or upstream parties

- CONFIDENTIEL - Patent Damages in the UK UK - Damages Suffered (2/3) Types of loss that can be recovered are: lost sales claimants revenue on sales that would have been made (less marginal cost saved in not producing them) reasonable royalty on sales that would not have been made can include sales of ancillary (but non-patented) goods and services (parasitic) commercial bridgehead (springboard) loss suffered by defendant having established a market position prior to patent expiry depressive effect on claimants selling price interest on damages (from date of infringement to date of award of damages)

- CONFIDENTIEL - Как запатентовать софтверные разработки в Евросоюзе" "Споры и суды по нарушению и оспариванию патентов в Евросоюзе"Patent Damages in the UK Patent Damages in the UK UK - Damages Suffered (3/3) Special cases (1) – claimant does not sell a competing product if engaged in licensing - the loss will normally be calculated by reference to normal royalty rate if not engaged in licensing - there may not be any loss that is recoverable (account of defendants profits may be better remedy) Special cases (2) – sales are conducted by claimants group companies loss to claimant must be proved no presumption that a loss by a subsidiary translates into anequal and corresponding loss by the claimant (loss will vary widely according to group structure)

- CONFIDENTIEL - Как запатентовать софтверные разработки в Евросоюзе" "Споры и суды по нарушению и оспариванию патентов в Евросоюзе"Patent Damages in the UK Patent Damages in the UK UK - Profits Made (1/2) Damages are aimed at the profit made by the defendant from the infringing activity take the defendant as you find him cannot claim for profits made by non-infringing parts of the product or process (may be necessary to apportion the profit) no punitive damages (just handing over the profit made) Can claim profit made by each party dealing with the infringing product or process Costs that can be deducted from revenue or establish profit, include research & development costs financing costs tax

- CONFIDENTIEL - Как запатентовать софтверные разработки в Евросоюзе" "Споры и суды по нарушению и оспариванию патентов в Евросоюзе"Patent Damages in the UK Patent Damages in the UK UK - Profits Made (2/2) General rules on apportionment the defendant to establish that apportionment of profit is appropriate use accounting principles to establish the basic proportion of profits that are attributable to each part of the process by reference to relative costs (e.g. relative capital expenditure) these initial proportions can be varied if they do not reflect the true value of the invention (the cost of implementation/usedoes not always reflect the contribution of a product or process) Disadvantages What is profit? expensive process that gives control to defendant speculative claim

- CONFIDENTIEL - Как запатентовать софтверные разработки в Евросоюзе" "Споры и суды по нарушению и оспариванию патентов в Евросоюзе"Patent Damages in the UK Patent Damages in the UK UK - Costs Losing party bears the costs of winning party Costs are assessed by the court (if not agreed) Court's assessment normally reduces costs recoverable by about one third

- CONFIDENTIEL - Как запатентовать софтверные разработки в Евросоюзе" "Споры и суды по нарушению и оспариванию патентов в Евросоюзе"Patent Damages in the UK Спасибо за внимание Александр Колосовский Femida. US International Legal Counsels EU: Paris Office USA: Alexandria and Washington DC office Российская Федерация и СНГ Московский офис site: