Восстановление филогений. наименьшее расстояние (distance-based methods), кластеризация быстро хорошо, если сходство ~ родство (молек. часы) наибольшая.

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Восстановление филогений

наименьшее расстояние (distance-based methods), кластеризация быстро хорошо, если сходство ~ родство (молек. часы) наибольшая экономия (parsimony-based methods) если нет гомоплазий – это ПРАВИЛЬНОЕ дерево Подходы к построению филогений

Матрица признаков без конфликтов Признаки ВидыВиды A10000 B00010 C11000 D11001 E00010 F00000

наименьшее расстояние (distance-based methods), кластеризация быстро хорошо, если сходство ~ родство (молек. часы) наибольшая экономия (parsimony-based methods) если нет гомоплазий – это ПРАВИЛЬНОЕ дерево если есть гомоплазии – медленно maximum likelihood (ML) – обобщение экономии Байесовы методы Подходы к построению филогений

нуклеотиды вставки, делеции перестройки Эволюционные события

Jukes-Cantor model Models of nucleotide substitutions

Jukes-Cantor model Models of nucleotide substitutions

Jukes-Cantor model Models of nucleotide substitutions

Jukes-Cantor model Models of nucleotide substitutions Haubold and Wiehe 2006 Introduction to Computational Biology: an Evolutionary Approach p.176

Jukes-Cantor model Models of nucleotide substitutions Haubold and Wiehe 2006 Introduction to Computational Biology: an Evolutionary Approach p.176 Kimura 2-parameter model

Nikaido et al. PNAS 1999

Aguinaldo et al. Nature 1997

Aguinaldo et al. Nature 1997 Wolf et al. 2004

Irimia et al. 2007

Aguinaldo et al. Nature 1997 Wolf et al Irimia et al Rogozin et al. 2007

Aguinaldo et al. Nature 1997 Wolf et al Irimia et al Rogozin et al. 2007

Example of phylogenetic reconstructions: mammals. Phylogeny of mammals - red stars indicate clades that are still ambiguous

если часы – то легко поляризация аутгруппы (древо жизни?) Как укоренить дерево?

Nikaido et al. PNAS 1999

W.F.Doolittle 2000 Sci Am

2001 Nature

Mitochondrial genes are subject to evolutionarily frequent horizontal transfer between distantly related flowering plants. A phylogeny of 280 angiosperms is marked according to the presence (red) or absence (blue) of rps2 (a) and rps11 (b) in mitochondrial DNA. Blue and red bullets mark inferred losses and regains, respectively, of these genes. Names of taxa with gene regain are shown in red lettering, selected taxa with gene loss are in blue. There must be mechanisms for the delivery of DNA between unrelated plants. This is unusual for multicellular organisms. Nature 424, , 2003.

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