INSHPO's survey project: results, design, implementation Bradley Turner American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE) Conference on Developing an International Standard of Practice, Moscow July NSHPO обзор проекта: результаты, проектирование, внедрение

Who am I? Кто я такой Currently (в настоящее время) o Data analyst, ASSE, since March 2012 (Данные аналитиков, Асс, с марта 2012) Past (прошлое) o Fulbright Fellow, University of Helsinki, Philosophy of Economics ( Фулбрайта, Университет Хельсинки, философия экономики) o M.A. Social Science University of Chicago, IL (М.А. социальных наук университета Чикаго, штат Иллинойс) o B.S. Economics Syracuse University, NY (Закладная Экономика Сиракузского университета, штат Нью- Йорк)

Objectives and outline (Цели и план) 1.Retrospective and context of the survey project (Ретроспективные и контекст исследования проекта) 2.The survey (Опрос) 3.Data analysis (анализ данных) a. Descriptives b. Cross-tabs (Кросс-вкладки) 4.Discussion (обсуждение)

Retrospective and context ( Ретроспективные и контекст) International Social Security Association (ISSA) working group ( Международная ассоциация социального обеспечения (МАСО) рабочая группа) ENSHPO / INSHPO takeover ( ENSHPO / INSHPO поглощение) What do SPs / OSH Ps actually do? (Что SPS / ОШ Ps самом деле) Scope and function (Область применения и функции) Research goals (исследование целей) 1.Common Body of Knowledge for OSH professionals ( Общий Свод знаний по охране труда специалистов) 2.Core competencies ( Ключевые компетенции) 3.International certification,licensing ( Международная сертификация, лицензирование) Main literature on the survey ( Главная литература по обследованию) o National : Ytrehus 2003 (NO); Bianchi 2004 (IT); Borys et al )AU); Dudka 2004 (PL); Jones 2004 (UK); Miguel et al (PL); Lang 2004 (CH); Perttula & Saari 2004 (FI); Rillie 2005 (SG); Pryor 2006 (AU); Brauer & Schoolcraft 2008 (US); Pryor & Sawyer 2009 (AU); Toft et al (AU). o Europe: Hale et al. 2005; Hale & Ytrehus 2004; Hale & Guldenmund 2006.

15 Countries surveyed (at least)( Обследованных стран (по крайней мере)) 1. Austria (A) 2. Australia(AU) 3. Canada(CA) – No raw data and not represented in analysis 4. Switzerland(CH) 5. Cyprus(CY) – No raw data and not represented 6. Germany(DE) – No raw data but usually represented 7. Finland(FI) 8. Italy(IT) 9. The Netherlands(NL) 10. Norway(NO) 11. Poland(PL) 12. Portugal(PT) 13. Singapore(SG) 14. United Kingdom(UK) 15. United States(US) Note: country sample size is 12 or 13. ( Примечание: размеры страны образца 12 или 13.) No raw data and not represented in analysis ( Нет исходных данных и не представлены в анализе)

The survey and data outline ( Исследования и данные плана) A. Organization information ( информация об организации) B. Tasks ( not in USA = 82) ( Задачи (83 - 1, не в США = 82)) C. Types of hazards/ issues (31) ( Виды опасности / вопросы (31)) D. Relations with people (internal, external) (36 – 1 = 35) ( Отношения с людьми (внутренний, внешний) ( = 35)) E. Personal information ( Персональная информация)

A.Organization information and E. Personal information А. Организация информации и Е. Персональная информация AAUCA*CHDE*FIITNLNOPLPTSGUKUSTotal Sample size (% Full) 217 (4%) 629 (11%) (5%) (5%) 195 (3%) 508 (9%) 505 (9%) 112 (2%) 30 (1%) 158 (3%) 1632 (29%) 1057 (19%)5620 Response Rate22% % Male Full-time Safety Internal, External** 70, 23 58, , 19 64, 27 72, 08 59, 28 60, 33 55, 31 94, 03 50, 50 77, 14 54, 26 55, 12 59, 22 Multi-Site Multi-Country Edu: High, Mid, Low 19, 58, 24 66, 24, , 46, 21 30, 66, 12 20, 48, 24 38, 0, 60 14, 85, 01 38, 63, 0 17, 44, 39 10, 90, 0 64, 27, 04 0, 56, 41 47, 50, 03 27, 50, 20 Experience: 0-10, >10 73, 27 44, 57 02, 98 81, 19 51, 49 64, 36 63, 36 50, 49 44, 55 37, 63 76, 24 63, 38 25, 75 08, 91 38, 63 *CA, DE not in Total **Other categories: "Social insurance and other insurance", "Government agency", and "Other"

Sample size (% Full) Размер выборки (% Full) Response Rate Скорость отклика Male мужчина Full-time Safety Полный рабочий день безопасности Internal, External** Внутренняя, внешняя ** Multi – Site Multi – сайт Multi-Country Многострановой Edu : High, Mid, Low Edu: высокая, средняя, низкая Experience: 0-10, >10 Опыт работы: 0-10,> 10 *CA, DE not in Total * CA, DE, не в общем **Other categories: "Social insurance and other insurance", "Government agency", and "Other« ** Другие категории: "Социальное страхование и другие страховые", "государственное учреждение" и "Другие« Total общий A.Organization information and E. Personal information А. Организация информации и Е. Персональная информация

The education question ( Вопрос образования) Blank Rubric пустая Рубрика IT UK AU DE US CH-De Hale-Guldenmund 06 / Me 1.University/Masters/PhD 2.Bachelors 3.Polytechnic-High / Associate 4.Polytechnic-Low / Some College 5.Secondary School 6.Other

Hale - Guldenmund 06 / Me University/Masters/PhD Bachelors Polytechnic-High / Associate Polytechnic-Low / Some College Secondary School Other The education question (Вопрос образования) Хейл - Guldenmund 06 / Me Университет / Мастера / PhD Бакалавры Политехнический-High / Associate Политехнический-Low / Некоторые колледжа средняя школа другой

Education образование AAUCHFIITNLNOPLPOSGUKUSAll countries Graduate19% Undergraduate Associate / Polytechnic- High Some college / Polytechnic-Low Secondary school Other High19% Mid Low

Graduate Выпускник Undergraduate студент Associate / Polytechnic-High Associate / Политехнический-High Some college / Polytechnic – Low Средне / Политехнический – низкая Secondary school средняя школа Other другой High высокий Mid средний Low низкий All countries Все страны Education образование

All values are %

The Years of experience as a safety professional question E1How many years have you been working as a safety professional? Years Years Years 4More than 20 Years US Blank Rubric

Years of experience as a safety professional AAUCHFIITNLNOPLPOSGUKUS All countries 0-5 years years years > 20 years 6% >

6%

Task, hazards, relations at three levels: respondent, country, sample. 1. Respondent o Whether respondent does (1) or does not (0) at least yearly complete a task, deal with a hazard, or have a relation. 2. Country o If completion % is 60 for a country then task/hazard/relation is core to that country. 3. Sample o If task/hazard/relation is core to 10-13, 4-9, or 0-4 countries it is hard-core, core, or sub-core to the survey sample. Dichotomized: 1 0

Average completion rates for tasks, hazards, relations by country #AAUCHDEFIITNLNOPLPOSGUKUS All countries B. Tasks8260% C. Hazards D. Relations All14860%

Two task distributions: % in hard-core by country range & # of countries 0-3 countries 32% 4-9 countries 15% countries 54% 0 countries17% 13 countries 21% 1 11% 10 9% 12 17% 11 7% 2 2% 3 1% 4 2% 5 1% 6 2% 7 4% 8 2% 9 2% 82 Tasks

Two hazard distributions: % in hard-core by country range & # of countries 3 3% 5 3% 6 2% 7 3% 8 2% 9 6% 10 0% 0 countries13% 1 6% 2 10% 11 10% 12 13% 13 countries 19% countries 42% 4-9 countries 26% 0-3 countries 32% 9 6% 4 6% 31 Hazards

Two relations distributions: % in hard-core by country range & # of countries 1 0% 5 3% 7 3% 9 0% 10 3% 0 countries 11% 2 6% 3 17% 11 9% 13 countries 20% countries 37% 4-9 countries 29% 0-3 countries 34% 8 9% 4 9% 35 Relations 12 6% 6 6%

B. Tasks: 82 tasks in 8 groups BI. Problem identification, analysis (5) BII. Developing, implementing solutions (28) BIII. Training, information, communication (13) BIV. Inspection and research (8) BV. Emergency procedures, settlement of damage (9) BVI. Regulatory tasks (- 1 not in USA) (8) BVII. Knowledge management (6) BVIII. Management and financial (5)

17 /44 hard-core tasks 60% in all 13 countries Task % of all respondents that do task 1. Read professional safety literature (BVII:knowledge management)98 2. Attend courses or workshops about safety subjects (VII)96 3. Investigate and evaluate workplace or plant risks (I: problem id, analysis)94 4. Exchange knowledge, practical experience with colleagues at local or national level (VII) Inform/discuss with all levels in company on risk [safety committee, employees, supervisors, line managers, top management] (III:training, info, comm.) , 13, 16, 18. Machinery, process, workplace - check compliance; specify safety measures; develop/improve procedures; give instruction (II: develop, implement solutions) Check compliance with the law (II) Investigate accidents/incidents (IV: inspection, research) Carry out physical inspections (IV) Make recommendations for improvement arising out of investigations (IV)80

14 /44 hard-core tasks 60% in 12 countries 14. Perform job safety analysis (I: problem id, analysis)82%not NO 15. Give safety training programmes, courses, workshops (III: training, info, comm) 82FI 20, 21, 25. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) - prepare policy; monitor use; design improve procedures (II: develop, implement solutions) 75-78NO 22. Propose improvements to safety culture (II)77PL 23. Lead or advise on organizational change to improve safety performance (II)77FI 24. Design safety training programs or workshops (II)77NO 26. Conduct workplace audits of safe behavior (IV: inspection and research)74NO 29, 32. Emergency procedures - design, improve; prepare policy (incl. intervention, first aid) (V: emergency procedures, settlement of damage) 73NO 31. Machines, processes, workplaces - prepare company policy (II)73NO 33. Contribute to annual plan for safety (VIII: management, financial)71PT 39. Contribute to annual report on safety (VIII)69FI

13 /44 hard-core tasks: 60% in countries 27, 38, 41. Dangerous materials - check compliance with safety procedures; specify risk measures; design procedures for use and storage (II: develop, implement solutions) 69-74%not FI, NO, PL 28. PPE - Specify which to purchase (II)74FI, NO 30, 34. Safety management system - Improve, develop (II)73, 71DE, NO, PL 35. Assess safety culture (II)71NO, PL 36. Keep statistics about accidents and incidents (IV: inspection and research) 70FI, NO 37. Carry out risk analyses (I: problem id, analysis)70FI, NO, PL 40. Prepare company policy relating to safety training (III: training, info, communication) 69FI, NO 42, 43. Safety campaign – design; implementation (III)68, 67FI, NL, NO 44. Publish about safety in company newsletter or internal communicque (III)71FI, NL, NO

12 /12 core tasks 60% in 5-9 countries 45, 48, 52, 55. Safety management system - monitor; conduct audits; design performance indicators; document (II: develop, implement solutions) countries 46. Prepare company policy on safety culture (II)66%DE, NO, PL, PT 47. Dangerous materials - prepare policy (II)65CH, IT, NL, NO 49. Design team – integrate safety in design (I: problem id, analysis)63FI, NL, NO, PL, SG 50. Develop policy for sustainable processes, products (II)61A, FI, IT, NO, PL 51. Review a design as external to the design team (I) Organize practice of emergency procedures (V: emergency procedures, settlement of damage) Keep records of safety training (III: training, info, communications) Check compliance with permits to work (II)504

13 /26 sub-core tasks 60% in 1,2,3 countries 57. Advise on/ set budget for safety (VIII: management, financial)50yes US 64. Advise employer/employee about damage or injury claims (V: emergency procedures, damage settlements) 44yes PL, UK, US 58. Investigate environmental incidents (IV: inspection, research)46PL, SG 59. Exchange knowledge, exp. at international level (VII: knowledge management) 44PT, SG 60. Carry out cost-benefit analysis of safety measures, policies (VII)44SG 61. Develop environmental policy (II: develop, implement solutions)43SG 62, 65. Large scale maintenance, modifications - assess plan; member of planning team (II) 43, 39 US, Manage other safety or working conditions professionals (VIII)43US 66. Prepare permits for dangerous work (II)38SG 67. Answer questions from the public about safety (VI: regulatory tasks)38PL 66. Selection criteria for new employees (III)36US 74. Design guidance, standards for training at nat'l, industry level (VI)22PT

13 /26 sub-core tasks 60% in no country 69. First aid courses (V: emergency procedures, damage settlement)27% 70. Keep stats about sickness absence (IV: inspection, research) Involved with national/regional/industry-wide safety laws, rules (VI: regulatory) Prepare policy on insurance and compensation (V) Write on safety in professional, scientific literature (VII: management, financial) Manage company fire-fighting team (V) Act as expert witness in legal cases or claims (V) Be a member of fire-fighting team (V) Advise on damage claims (VI)17 79, 80, 82. Be a member of standards committee for safety management systems; safety competence/skills; product safety (VI) 13, 12, Advise on insurance premiums (VI)12

# Hard- CoreMid Sub- Core All 13 countries All tasks All tasks % 100 %54%15%32%21% 17 %7%9%2% 4%2%1%2%1%2% 11 %17% BI: Problem id, analysis 5%60%40%0% BII: Develop, implement solutions 28%64%21%14% BIII: Training, info, comm. 13%85%8% BIV: Inspection, research 8%63%13%25% BV: Emergency procedures, damage settlement 9%22%11%67% BVI: Regulatory tasks 8%0% 100% BVII: Knowledge management 6%50%17%33% BVIII: Management, financial 5%40%0%60% Task distribution: 60% in countries is hard-core; 5-9 is core; 0-3 is sub-core

Total # Total % Hard- CoreCore Sub- Core All 13 countries All tasks #82100% All tasks %82100%54%15%32%21%17%7%9%2% 4%2%1%2%1%2%11%17% BI: Problem ID & analysis56%60%40%0% BII: Develop, implement solutions28 34%64%21%14% BIII: Training, info, comm.1316%85%8% BIV: Inspection, research810%63%13%25% BV: Emergency procedures, damages settlement9 11%22%11%67% BVI: Regulatory tasks810%0% 100% BVII: Knowledge management67%50%17%33% BVIII: Management, financial56%40%0%60% Task distribution: 60% in countries is hard-core; 5-9 is core; 0-3 is sub-core Highest group: Training, information, and communication o Inform and discuss safety cluster (5 hard-core tasks) drives result o Safety campaign cluster (3), training, record/keeping, publishing. o Sub core: involve in selection criteria for employees, keep records High o Develop and implementing solutions o Inspection and research o Problem ID and analysis Middle : Knowledge management (highest % tasks) Lowest: Regulatory, Emergency procedures, damages, settlement.

Tasks take aways Polarized distribution. Well-defined intl hard-core (and periphery) o countries : 54% or 44 tasks o 13 countries: 21% or 17 tasks o at 80%: 16% or 13 tasks Reflects conventional, technically oriented SP o Training information and communication group means contact with all levels of company employees. o Develop and implement solutions group means machinery, process, workplace safety; personal protective equipment o Knowledge management group means continued education is key o Low: regulatory, environmental/sustainability, emergency procedures.

C. 31 Hazards; groups Core safety (10) Industrial hygiene (9) Ergonomics (4) Psychosocial (4) Environmental/sustainability (2) Product areas (2)

Hard-core & core hazards 1. Human errors85%13 countries 2. Lifting Working posture Machinery and installations Noise Electricity Lighting79not NO 8. Falls79PL 9. VDUs79NO, SG 10. Fire78PL 11. Other physical workload77NO 12. Extremes of cold or heat75NO, SG 13. Vehicles73NO, PT 14. Toxic, carcinogenic substances 68 % FI, NO, PL, PT 15. Mental workload/stress65IT, NL, PL, PT, SG 16. Explosion60FI, IT, NO, PL 17. Causes of other occ. diseases Vibration Road/transport567

Sub-core hazards 20. Environmental pollution51%yes IT, SG 21. External safety49AU, NL, UK, US 22. Bio risk45AU, NL, UK, US 23. Drugs/alcohol45AU, DE, FI 24. Subsidence and collapse42PL, US 25. Non-ionising radiation41US 26. Accidents to patients, passengers, students, others39UK 27. Bullying and harassment37AU, FI 28. Ionising radiation Lack of sustainability of products/production Violence against employees Product liability280

Hazards groups Ergonomics: core to 82% respondents, countries o Lifting (13), working posture (13), other physical workload (12), visual display units (VDUs) (11) Core safety: core to 69% respondents, 9.6 countries o Electricity (13), machinery and installations (13), human error (13), falls (12), fire (12), vehicles (11), explosion (9), road/transport (7), subsidence and collapse (2), external safety (4). Industrial hygiene: core to 60% respondents and 6.8 countries o Noise (13), lighting (12), cold/heat (11), toxic/carcinogenic substances (9), occupational disease(6), vibration (5), bio risk (4), non-ionising radiation (1), ionising radiation (0). Psychosocial: core to 45%, 3.25 countries o Mental workload/stress (8), bullying and harassment (2), drugs/alcohol (3), violence against employees (0) Environmental/sustainability: core to 42%, 1 country o Environmental pollution (2), Lack of sustainability of production or products (0) Product areas: core to 34%, 0.5 countries o Accidents (to patients, passengers, students, or other clients) (1), product liability (0)

D. Hard-core & core relations 1. Employees95%13 countries 2. Line management Top management Tech/maintenance service Personnel/HR dept Gov inspector (natl, local) Safety committee or rep81not A, CH 8. Safety officers of other org.79A, FI 9. Occupational physician77SG 10. Visitors Works council / equivalent72AU, PT, SG 12. Financial division68A, PT 13. Quality dept.65FI 14. Professional association63A, CH, NO, PL, PT 15. External safety consultant63A, DE, FI, NL, PL, PT 16. Local fire service61AU, CH, NL, NO, PT 17. Environmental expert Educational establishment57IT, NL, PL, PT, SG 19. Lawyer Designer Other medical specialist45yes AU, CH, FI, US 26. Trade-union official (natl, local) 44AU, FI, NO, UK

Core and sub-core relations 20. Occ./industrial hygenist 55yes AU, NL, US 22. Certification body48NL, SG, US 23. Occupational health and safety service 47NL, NO, US 24. Ergonomist46AU, NL, US 27. Poilcy maker, planner in local authority 43IT, NO, US 28. Industry federation43IT, NL 29, Insurer42FI, UK, US 30. Company planner42IT, US 31. Inspector of (social) insurance 35CH, DE, PL 32. Standards body Employers federation People living around site Work and organization psychologist 270

Summary and take-aways Hard core: 54% or 44 tasks, 42% or 13 hazards, 37% or 13 relations. o 13 countries: 21% or 17 tasks, 19% or 6 hazards, 20% or 7 relations o at 80%: 16% or 13 tasks, 10% or 3 hazards, 20% or 7 relations Hard core reflects conventional, technically oriented SP o Contact with all levels of employees, focus on machinery, process, workplace safety; personal protective equipment Tasks, hazards, and relations. o Knowledge management, staying current and ongoing education is key. o Ergonomics is a key, high-completion-rate sub-group. Low: o Regulatory tasks including being a member of standards comimittee, keeping statistics about sickness, being a member of fire team o Environmental/sustainability tasks and environmental pollution hazard; o Contact with industry and national federations.

Potential limitations to inference Besides some demographics, the survey data is consistent and comparable across all countries. Probably not problems o Questionnaire fatigue (169 questions, ~ 1 hour). o Analysis sensitive results? o Definitions and cut-points o Recoding and processing schemes Sample and target population Selection bias Sampling through professional associations. Heterogeneity and representativity Country idiosyncrasies Language and translation Education and affiliation distinctions Response rate and sample size: big country effects

Potential further analysis Finer analysis of tasks, hazards, relations Exploit ordinal data: daily, weekly, yearly, quarterly, yes but not yet, no, never, other. Factor analysis and clustering of tasks (see Hale et al 2005, Hale & Guldenmund 2006 and others) By country, region, country groups By demographic variables: education, experience Measuringing or expanding representativity Improving response rates Bias elimination strategies

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