И.М. Железных, ИЯИ РАН "Ранние годы физики нейтрино высоких энергий (1957-1963) и образование «Лаборатории Нейтрино» в ФИАНе" 4-е ЗАЦЕПИНСКИЕ ЧТЕНИЯ ФИАН,

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И.М. Железных, ИЯИ РАН "Ранние годы физики нейтрино высоких энергий ( ) и образование «Лаборатории Нейтрино» в ФИАНе" 4-е ЗАЦЕПИНСКИЕ ЧТЕНИЯ ФИАН, 07 июня 2013 Введение. 50 лет Нейтринной Физики и Астрофизики Высоких Энергий е годы: Моисей Александрович Марков читает лекции на Физфаке МГУ г.г.: я – студент М.А. Маркова, в – аспирант (в ФИАНе). 2. Предложение М.А. Маркова о детектировании атмосферных нейтрино высоких энергий в подземных экспериментах – тема моей дипломной работы. 3. Мои вопросы к Моисею Александровичу и расширение экспериментальной нейтринной тематики: - предложение нейтринных экспериментов на ускорителях, - нейтринная (и гамма) астрономия высоких энергий.

4. Дискуссии с М.А. о теоретических проблемах физики нейтрино высоких энергий в конце 50-х (один из основных вопросов – энергетическая зависимость сечений нейтринных взаимодействий). 5. Я.Б. Зельдович, Арзамас и нейтринная астрофизика (МГУ, cентябрь 1958 г.). 6. Первая встреча с Г.Т. Зацепиным на защите моей дипломной работы (МГУ, 30 декабря 1958 г.). В.А. Кузьмин – студент Г.Т. Зацепина. 7. Июль 1959 г. (Киев, «Рочестерская» конференция) – Марков снимает доклад о физике нейтрино высоких энергий на ускорителях и в космических лучах. 8. В.Л. Гинзбург и нейтринная астрофизика (ФИАН, ) – 1961 г.г. Наши первые нейтринные публикации. Доклад М.А. Маркова в Рочестере и предложение глубоководных нейтринных экспериментов. Совместная публикация с Зацепиным и Кузьминым.

10. Совещание в Дубне (1961 г.) о сечениях нейтринных взаимодействий (М.А. Марков, Чжоу Гуан-чжао, И.Я. Померанчук, Л.Б. Окунь). 11. Встреча М.А. Маркова и Ф. Рейнеса (1962) 12. Письмо М.А. Маркова в ЦК КПСС (октябрь 1962). Мой визит в ЦК. ЦК КПСС поддерживает исследования по Физике Нейтрино. Постановление о создании лаборатории нейтрино в ФИАНе.

In 1957 Markov was a teacher at the Moscow University, his lectures were on Hyperons and K-mesons. I reminded his words at the 1 st lecture: Questions of young people, often naïve ones, are very important. I had a good luck to make my diploma paper under Markovs sponsorship and to ask him naïve questions.

Topic of my work suggested by Markov in 1957 was detection of atmospheric neutrinos to investigate problems of week interactions. First of all Markov suggested to consider deployment of 1 cubic m of Pb deep underground and to estimate statistics of neutrino interactions in it.

Every week I came to Markov to his home to discuss results of my work and ask questions. Two of them were: Why do we make calculations with atmospheric neutrinos only? Why not to consider nu- experiments at accelerators? Why not to consider detection of fluxes of HE neutrinos and gammas from Outer Space? Markov approved such initiatives.

Один из основных обсуждавшихся вопросов – энергетическая зависимость сечений нейтринных взаимодействий: при Е>1 ГэВ сечение см 2 или Е см 2 ???

Meeting with Yakov Zeldovich in September Invitation of Zeldovich to work with him in Arzamas and to study with him problems of HE Neutrino Astronomy also.

R. Marshak, M. Markov and I. Tamm ( Nobel Prize for explanation of Vavilov - Cherenkov effect ) on the beach of Dnepr-river. Kiev (Rochester) Conference, 1959 Markov cancelled his talk on accelerator and underground HE neutrino experiments after discussion with convener Marshak: Moisey, are you seriously…?

HE neutrino (gammas) sources discussed in 1958 – 1961** – Galaxy center, SN remnants (Crab Nebula); HE gammas (as well as HE neutrinos) are produced in the strong interactions: HEGA was suggested as complimentary to HENA HE cosmic neutrinos (as well as gammas) – indicator of the most energetic (strong) processes in hot places of the Universe; so detection of cosmic neutrinos might be a new branch of Astronomy which is complimentary to Electromagnetic Astronomies (optical, radio, X-ray…) I.M.Zheleznykh, Diploma paper, Depart. of Phys., Moscow Univ., 1958 I.M.Zheleznykh and M.A.Markov. In: High-energy Neutrino Physics D-577, Dubna (1960); ** M.A.Markov, Proc. Rochester Conf. (1960) p. 579; M.A.Markov and I.M.Zheleznykh, Nucl. Phys. 27 (1961) 385

Rochester conference The first extensive discussion of problems in High-Energy Cosmic Ray Neutrino Physics (and Accelerators) took place after Markovs talk at the 10 th ICHEP-1960 in Rochester (see the relevant Proceedings). Yang, Shwartz, Bernardini, Lederman, Bladman, Feinberg and Markov had discussed possibilities of HE neutrino experiments, questions of two neutrino familias, search for a possible muon decay into electron and gamma etc. Markov stressed that experiments with the HE cosmic neutrinos are not with atmospheric neutrinos only but they may give information on possible high energy neutrinos of cosmic origin… There are neutrinos from galaxy… HE Neutrino Astronomy had been discussed in Rochester also! During the next 53 years (after 1960) the underground atmospheric neutrino experiments became a very successful branch of experimental HE Physics (Witswaterstrend, Kolar Gold Fields, Baksan, IMB, Gran Sasso, Kamioka, SuperK, Baikal, SNO, IceCube etc). Some of those neutrino telescopes were able to register the (low energy) solar neutrinos and neutrinos from SN 1987A. However to detect HE neutrino fluxes from point astrophysical sources, effective volumes of neutrino telescopes have to be as large as 1 – 10 3 cubic kilometers. Use of the Antarctic ice as a cosmic neutrino target permits effective exploitation of optical and radio wave technologies as applied to Ultra-High (>10 15 eV) and Extremely High (>10 18 eV) Energy Neutrino Astronomy.

«After detailed calculations of energy spectrum and angular distributions of the atmospheric neutrinos by G. Zatsepin and V. Kuzmin [JETP 41, 1818 (1961) ] possibilities of neutrino physics in cosmic rays were considered more carefully in V.A. Kuzmin, M.A. Markov, G.T. Zatsepin and I.M. Zheleznykh, J. Phys. Soc. Jap. 17, Suppl. A-III, 353 (1962).» И.М. Железных, Г.Т. Зацепин, В.А. Кузьмин, М.А. Марков. К нейтринной физике высоких энергий в космических лучах. Известия АН СССР, серия физ., (1962).

«Экспериментальная установка может быть устроена так. Регистрация мю-мезонов производится в трех рядах сцинтилляторов, расположенных один под другим на расстояниях, достаточных для разделения импульсов во времени и включенных на запаздывающие совпадения. Между рядами сцинтилляторов располагается поглотитель с тем, чтобы регистрировались мю-мезоны с энергией выше пороговой. Варьирование порога, а также анализ углового распределения регистрируемых мю-мезонов позволяет получить сведения, крайне важные для выбора между имеющимися теоретическими возможностями. Добавление к трем рядам сцинтилляторов четвертого позволит вести регистрацию одновременно при двух порогах. Имитация исследуемых событий может производиться мю-мезонами космических лучей. Этот эффект быстро падает с погружением под землю и увеличением пороговой энергии регистрации мю-мезонов. Поэтому всегда можно обеспечить достаточно чистые условия эксперимента.»

During the next 53 years (after 1960) the underground atmospheric neutrino experiments became a very successful branch of experimental HE Physics (Witswaterstrend, Kolar Gold Fields, Baksan, IMB, Gran Sasso, Kamioka, SuperK, Baikal, SNO, IceCube etc). Some of those neutrino telescopes were able to register the (low energy) solar neutrinos and neutrinos from SN 1987A. However to detect HE neutrino fluxes from point astrophysical sources, effective volumes of neutrino telescopes have to be as large as 1 – 10 3 cubic kilometers. Use of the Antarctic ice as a cosmic neutrino target permits effective exploitation of optical and radio wave technologies as applied to Ultra-High (>10 15 eV) and Extremely High (>10 18 eV) Energy Neutrino Astronomy.