Introduction. Tsardom to Empire: When? Where? Who? Lecture 1 January 8, 2008.

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Introduction. Tsardom to Empire: When? Where? Who? Lecture 1 January 8, 2008

When? Ivan III named himself "sole ruler, Tsar of all Russia" Ivan III named himself "sole ruler, Tsar of all Russia" Coronation of Ivan IV (the Terrible), as the 1st Russian Tsar Coronation of Ivan IV (the Terrible), as the 1st Russian Tsar Peter I was presented by his subjects with a title of the Emperor Peter I was presented by his subjects with a title of the Emperor 1796 Catherine II died, by this time the Russian Empire was diplomatically recognized by European countries Catherine II died, by this time the Russian Empire was diplomatically recognized by European countries.

Where?

The Russian Empire in 1800

Who? Russiathe Russians 860Rusthe Rus = the Variagi 1223Kievan Rusthe Poliane the Drevliane the Slovene etc. 1462Moscowite Rusthe Russkie Rutheniathe Rusiny 1547Rossiathe Rossiane 1800The Rossiiskaiathe Rossiane Empire

Стояние на Угре (Куликовская битва) Разорвал грамоту Взятие Твери, Новгорода Объявление русской церкви автокефальной

Падение Константинополя (29 мая 1453 г.) Последний император Византии Константин XI, погиб во время осады Константинополя. Последний император Византии Константин XI, погиб во время осады Константинополя. Османский султан Мехмед II Фатих («Завоеватель») Османский султан Мехмед II Фатих («Завоеватель»)

«Повесть ο взятии Константинополя» Автор: Нестор Искандер славянин, «измлада» попавший в плен к туркам, очевидец и участник осады Константинополя.

Пророчество о судьбе Константинополя И вдруг выползла из норы змея и поползла по земле, но тут упол с поднебесья орел, схватил змею и взлетел ввысь, а змея стала обвиваться вокруг орла. Орел же стал снижаться и упал со змеей на то же самое место, и одолела его змея. Люди же, подбежав, змею убили, а орла у нее отняли. И был цесарь в великом страхе, и, созвав книжников и мудрецов, рассказал им об этом знамении. Они же, поразмыслив, объявили цесарю: «Это место Седьмохолмый назовется, и прославится, и возвеличится во всем мире больше всех городов, но суждено ему поколебаться. А орел символ христианский, а змея символ мусульманский. И раз змея одолела орла, то мусульманство одолеет христианство. А так как христиане змею убили, а орла отняли, явлено этим, что напоследок снова христиане одолеют мусульман, и Седьмохолмым овладеют, и в нем воцарятся». Римский император Константин I, основатель Константинополя Мозаика императорского дворца Константинополя, VI в.

Софья Фоминична Полеолог «царевна», племянница Константина XI, дочь его брата Фомы Палеолога (жила в Рима под покровительством Ватикана). Сватовство было инициировано Ватиканом, 1 ноября 1472 г. она прибыла в Москву с огромной свитой и в тот же день состоялось венчание. «царевна», племянница Константина XI, дочь его брата Фомы Палеолога (жила в Рима под покровительством Ватикана). Сватовство было инициировано Ватиканом, 1 ноября 1472 г. она прибыла в Москву с огромной свитой и в тот же день состоялось венчание. Софья Палеолог. Реконструкция С. А. Никитина.

Новый титул Ивана III : Иоанн III, Божиею милостью Царь всея Руси, и великий князь Владимирский, и Московский, и Новгородский, и Псковский, и Тверской, и Пермский, и Югорский, и Болгарский, и иных. Греч. Иоанн (вместо Иван) - политическом и церковном преемнике византийских императоров. Греч. Иоанн (вместо Иван) - политическом и церковном преемнике византийских императоров. После падения Константинополя Иван III мог считать себя единственным оставшимся в мире православным и независимым «Божиею милостью» государем, какими были византийские императоры. После падения Константинополя Иван III мог считать себя единственным оставшимся в мире православным и независимым «Божиею милостью» государем, какими были византийские императоры. «Царь» - Иван III мог принять этот титул, только перестав быть данником хана. «Царь» - Иван III мог принять этот титул, только перестав быть данником хана. Национальный властитель всей Русской земли (большая часть Руси принадлежала Литве и Польше, в договоре 1494 г. с Литвой Иван III впервые добился, чтобы его титул был признан формально). Национальный властитель всей Русской земли (большая часть Руси принадлежала Литве и Польше, в договоре 1494 г. с Литвой Иван III впервые добился, чтобы его титул был признан формально). «Земли». отражают завоевания Ивана III и его предков. «Земли». отражают завоевания Ивана III и его предков.

Иван III как преемник византийских императоров «Это целая политическая программа, характеризующая не столько действительное, сколько искомое положение» (В. Ключевский) «Это целая политическая программа, характеризующая не столько действительное, сколько искомое положение» (В. Ключевский) с конца XV в. на его печатях появляется византийский герб - двуглавый орел и покровитель Москвы – св. Георгий Победоносец. с конца XV в. на его печатях появляется византийский герб - двуглавый орел и покровитель Москвы – св. Георгий Победоносец.

Св. Георгий XIV векКонец XV века

Печать Ивана III (1497 г.)

«Копейка» При Иване III была прекращена удельная чеканка монет, теперь монеты чеканились только в Москве. «При великом князе всея Руси Василии Ивановиче было знамя на деньгах такое: князь великий на коне, а имеет мечь в руке, а царь и великий князь Иван Васильевич (Иван III) учинил знамя на денгах: князь великий на коне, а имеет копье в руке, и оттуда деньги пошли копейки».

Moscow (Sigismund von Herberstein, 1547)

MOSCOW THE THIRD ROME (excerpts) MOSCOW THE THIRD ROME (excerpts) by the monk Filofei by the monk Filofei To you who have been selected to rule, by the highest, the all-powerful and almighty hand of God, by Whose will all rulers on earth govern and Whom all great people praise and about Whom the powerful write the truth, I address these words to you, the illustrious sovereign, Grand Prince [of Muscovy], occupier of the high throne, the Orthodox Christian Tsar and lord of all, the administrator of all Holy Churches of God and of the Holy Universal and Apostolic Church and of the Church of the Holy Mother of God, that has made such honest and illustrious progress that it has been enabled to triumph over the Church of Rome as well as over the Church of Constantinople. To you who have been selected to rule, by the highest, the all-powerful and almighty hand of God, by Whose will all rulers on earth govern and Whom all great people praise and about Whom the powerful write the truth, I address these words to you, the illustrious sovereign, Grand Prince [of Muscovy], occupier of the high throne, the Orthodox Christian Tsar and lord of all, the administrator of all Holy Churches of God and of the Holy Universal and Apostolic Church and of the Church of the Holy Mother of God, that has made such honest and illustrious progress that it has been enabled to triumph over the Church of Rome as well as over the Church of Constantinople. The Apollinarian heresy caused the downfall of old Rome. The Turks used their axes to shatter the doors of all churches of the Second Rome, the city of Constantinople. Now [in Moscow], the new Third Rome, the Holy Ecumenical Apostolic Church of your sovereign state shines brighter than the sun in the universal Orthodox Christian faith throughout the world. Pious Tsar! Let [people of] your state know that all states of the Orthodox faith have now merged into one, your state. You are the only true Christian ruler under the sky! The Apollinarian heresy caused the downfall of old Rome. The Turks used their axes to shatter the doors of all churches of the Second Rome, the city of Constantinople. Now [in Moscow], the new Third Rome, the Holy Ecumenical Apostolic Church of your sovereign state shines brighter than the sun in the universal Orthodox Christian faith throughout the world. Pious Tsar! Let [people of] your state know that all states of the Orthodox faith have now merged into one, your state. You are the only true Christian ruler under the sky! Tsar! As long as you hold that position, be mindful always of God. Fear God who has bestowed so much on you. Do not rely on gold, wealth, or glory! All of that is collected here and it will remain here on earth. Tsar! Remember the Blissful who held the sceptre in His hand and the imperial crown on His head and said: "Do not turn your heart to wealth that is running away from you." The wise Solomon said: "Wealth and gold are valued not when they are hidden, but when people offer help to those in need" Tsar! During your rule remember [an additional] two commandments.... [The first is]: Do not violate the order which was chosen by your great predecessor [emperor] Constantine, the beatific Vladimir, the great and God-selected laroslav, and all other blissful and saintly [rulers] from whom you have descended. [The second is]: Tsar! Do not harm the Holy churches of God and honest monasteries. [Do not expropriate] that which has been given to God in return for eternal blessing of the memory of a family. The Fifth Great and Holy Ecumenical Council issued a very strict injunction [against such action].... Tsar! As long as you hold that position, be mindful always of God. Fear God who has bestowed so much on you. Do not rely on gold, wealth, or glory! All of that is collected here and it will remain here on earth. Tsar! Remember the Blissful who held the sceptre in His hand and the imperial crown on His head and said: "Do not turn your heart to wealth that is running away from you." The wise Solomon said: "Wealth and gold are valued not when they are hidden, but when people offer help to those in need" Tsar! During your rule remember [an additional] two commandments.... [The first is]: Do not violate the order which was chosen by your great predecessor [emperor] Constantine, the beatific Vladimir, the great and God-selected laroslav, and all other blissful and saintly [rulers] from whom you have descended. [The second is]: Tsar! Do not harm the Holy churches of God and honest monasteries. [Do not expropriate] that which has been given to God in return for eternal blessing of the memory of a family. The Fifth Great and Holy Ecumenical Council issued a very strict injunction [against such action].... Now I beg you and beg you again, please remember what I have said. For God's sake, please also remember that now all [Orthodox] Christian kingdoms have merged into your tsardom. Henceforth we can expect only one kingdom to come. That kingdom is eternal. I have written this because, admiring you as I do, I have appealed and have prayed to God that He may bless you. Change your stinginess to generosity and your inclemency to kindness. Comfort those who cry and moan day and night. Protect the innocent from their tormentors. I repeat here what I have written above. Pious Tsar! Listen and remember that all Christian kingdoms have now merged into one, your [tsardom]. Two Romes have fallen. The third stands Ifirm]. And there will not be a fourth. No one will replace your Christian tsardom... Now I beg you and beg you again, please remember what I have said. For God's sake, please also remember that now all [Orthodox] Christian kingdoms have merged into your tsardom. Henceforth we can expect only one kingdom to come. That kingdom is eternal. I have written this because, admiring you as I do, I have appealed and have prayed to God that He may bless you. Change your stinginess to generosity and your inclemency to kindness. Comfort those who cry and moan day and night. Protect the innocent from their tormentors. I repeat here what I have written above. Pious Tsar! Listen and remember that all Christian kingdoms have now merged into one, your [tsardom]. Two Romes have fallen. The third stands Ifirm]. And there will not be a fourth. No one will replace your Christian tsardom...

THE TALE OF DRACULA EW.doc EW.doc