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КОСМИЧЕСКИЕ ИК ПРОЕКТЫ Н.В. Вощинников

План 1.Электромагнитное излучение: ИК область спектра 2.Что можно наблюдать в ИК диапазоне + ИК объекты 3.Завершенные проекты 4.Активные проекты 5.Будущие проекты

ИК излучение (обнаружение) In 1810 Sir Frederick William Herschel made very important discovery. Herschel directed sunlight through a glass prism to create a spectrum. He measured the temperatures of different colours (from violet to red) and the temperature just beyond t he red part of spectrum. He found that this region had the highest t emperature of all.

Лекция в ЛН, Электромагнитное излучение: ИК область спектра Infrared: m (near, mid, far IR, submm)

Лекция в ЛН, Электромагнитное излучение: ИК область спектра

Лекция в ЛН, Что можно наблюдать в ИК диапазоне? Нет поглощения и рассеяния в континууме (лишь в near-IR). В основном видны самосветящиеся объекты. Можно наблюдать холодные объекты (max излучения лежит за m). Continuum (dust emission)

Лекция в ЛН, Что можно наблюдать в ИК диапазоне? (dust emission) Поток ИК излучения от оптически тонкой среды: N d – полное число частиц в среде D – расстояние до объекта C em – сечение эмиссии B d – функция Планка

Лекция в ЛН, Что можно наблюдать в ИК диапазоне? (dust temperature) Равновесная температура пылинок вычисляется путем решения уравнения баланса поглощенного и испущенного излучения W – фактор дилюции излучения

Лекция в ЛН, Что можно наблюдать в ИК диапазоне? Lines (gas) and features (dust).

Лекция в ЛН, Что можно наблюдать в ИК диапазоне? Эмиссионные (запрещенные) линии атомов и ионов: [S I] m, [S II] m, [O I] m, [C II] m.

Что можно наблюдать в ИК диапазоне?

Лекция в ЛН, Что можно наблюдать в ИК диапазоне?

Космические ИК объекты

Не Космические ИК объекты

Космические ИК проекты ВАЖНО: Диапазон длин волн ( Чувствительность и угловое разрешение (телескоп + детектор) Спектральное разрешение Поляризация! РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ Проблема: охлаждение

ИК проекты (old) IRAS (InfraRed Astronomical Satellite) 1983; 10 months 57 cm; 12, 25, 60 and 100 microns Results Detected about 350,000 infrared sources Discovered 6 new comets Detected useful infrared data for 2004 asteroids Detected the zodiacal dust bands Discovered a disk of dust grains around the star Vega Found infrared cirrus (wisps of warm dust) Detected ~75,000 starburst galaxies Detected strong infrared emission from interacting galaxies

Лекция в ЛН, Radiation field Radio IR visual Gamma X-rays UV

Лекция в ЛН, Vega model IR excess

ИК проекты (old) COBE (Cosmic Background Explorer) 1989; 10 months microns Results measured the cosmological microwave background radiation The most significant result was the discovery of very small fluctuations (order , 10^{-5}) in the background.

Лекция в ЛН, Large scale distribution (

Лекция в ЛН, Large scale distribution ( >>)

ИК проекты (old) ISO (Infrared Space Observatory) 1995; months 60 cm; microns Results More than 20 new IR dusty features. Crystalline silicates in old stars. CO 2 in solid state. New interstellar molecules: HF ……..

Лекция в ЛН, холодная пыль (молекулярные облака)

Лекция в ЛН, неполярные льды (CO 2 ) Полярные льды (H 2 O)

Колебательно-вращательные переходы H и других молекул: H O, OH, CO и т.д ПРОСХОЖДЕНИЕ: возбуждение уровней ударными волнами и излучением

Лекция в ЛН, горячая пыль (околозвездные оболочки)

Лекция в ЛН, m feature Самая знаменитая: силикатная полоса с центром около 10 микрон!

Лекция в ЛН, мкм полоса: растяжение связи Si - O Olivines (оливково-зеленый цвет) Mg 2x Fe 2-2x SiO 4, 0

ИК проекты (active) HST (Hubble Space Telescope)/NICMOS (Near Infra-Red Camera and Multi- Object Spectrometer) 1997 (1990) 2.4 m; microns

ИК проекты (active) SST (Spitzer Space Telescope); former SIRTF (Space Infrared Telescope Facility) Launch in August, 25, yrs 85 cm; microns (images, spectroscopy, spectrophotometry) Goals: protoplanetary and planetary debris disks, brown dwarfs and super planets, Ultraluminous galaxies and active galactic nuclei, the early universe, the outer solar system, early stages of star formation, the origin of chemical elements.

ИК проекты (active) Astro-F/IRIS (Infrared Imaging Surveyor) Japan/Korea/GB/NL Launch in early 2006(+) years 70 cm; 2 – 25 and 50 – 200 microns (near and mid infrared camera and a far infrared scanner) formation and evolution of galaxies, star formation, interstellar matter, extra-solar systems.

Лекция в ЛН, Herschel + Planck: (telescope + instruments) Herschel (2000) former FIRST (Far IR and Submillimeter Space Telescope, …2009-…)

Лекция в ЛН, Herschel: instruments The Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer (PACS) instrument is provided a consortium led by A. Poglitsch, MPE, Garching, Germany. The Spectral and Photometric Imaging REceiver (SPIRE) instrument is provided by a consortium led by M. Griffin, Cardiff University, UK. The Heterodyne Instrument for the Far Infrared (HIFI) instrument is provided by a consortium led by F. Helmich, SRON, Groningen, The Netherlands.

Лекция в ЛН, Herschel: results (Rosette molecular cloud, 2x10^5M sun, 1.6kpc; RCW120, 1.3kpc; AA518, L77)

Лекция в ЛН, Herschel: results (molecular clouds, AA518, L77) Spitzer! Дозвездное ядро Протозвездное ядро

Лекция в ЛН, Herschel: results (molecular clouds, AA518, L77) 46!

Лекция в ЛН, Herschel: results (Rosette molecular cloud, AA518, L83,84) T d =10K Td=30K

Лекция в ЛН, Herschel: results (Rosette molecular cloud, AA518, L84) Spitzer!

Лекция в ЛН, Herschel: results (Bok globule CB244, AA518,L87) Глобула: 15 М sun Ядро: 5 М sun Протозвезда: 1.6 М sun ~45 % массы глобулы задействовано в звездообразовании A V =5-25mag.

Лекция в ЛН, Herschel: results (diffuse + cirrus clouds, AA518,L103) Aquilla + Polaris: filaments! resolution: 0.01pc!

Лекция в ЛН, Herschel: results (diffuse + cirrus clouds, AA518,L102) Gould Belt: Aquilla + Polaris: protostars! filaments! D

Лекция в ЛН, Herschel: results (debris discs, AA518,L130) Vega =1.01 =1.11 ~85AU

Лекция в ЛН, Herschel: results (planetary nebula, AA518,L137) M57, NGC6720, Ring nebula !

Лекция в ЛН, Herschel: results (SNR, AA518,L138) CasA, important large z!

Лекция в ЛН, Herschel: results (SNR, AA518,L138) CasA, important large z!

Лекция в ЛН, Herschel: results (SNR, AA518,L138) CasA, important large z!

Лекция в ЛН, Herschel: results (post AGB/carbon stars, AA518,L140) Mass loss events: from ~1000 to ~10000 years

Лекция в ЛН, ИК проекты (future) SOFIA (Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy) ~2012(?) Boeing 747; 14km; 3 – 4 nights a week for 20 years. 2.7 m; 0.3 – 1000 microns. Very high spectral and angular resolution. teachers and students will be allowed to fly on SOFIA to learn about infrared astronomy.

ИК проекты (SOFIA) Первый «свет»: Август 2004: (наблюдения Полярной с Земли) Установлена крышка: Декабрь 2004

ИК проекты (future) JWST (James Webb Space Telescope); former NGST (Next Generation Space Telescope ) >2012; 5 – 10 years 6.5 m; microns Optical resolution: ~0.1 arc- seconds. Determine the shape of the Universe, explain galaxy evolution, understand the birth and formation of stars, determine how planetary systems form and interact, determine how the Universe built up its present chemical/elemental composition, probe the nature and abundance of Dark Matter.

ИК проекты (future) Darwin (space infrared interferometer project) 2014 (?) 6 telescopes (1.5 m); near infrared to detect and analyse Earth-like worlds, to detect atmospheres on these planets and to search for gases, to provide images with times more detail than will be possible even with instruments such as JWST, to investigate the formation of stars, planets and galaxies, to study black holes in the centre of galaxies, including our own.

ИК проекты (future?) Субмиллиметрон (SUBMIILIMETRON; Submillimeter wave Cryogenic Telescope for the Russian Segment of the International Space Station) > ….(?) 60 cm; 200 – 2000 microns Special bolometers (very high sensitivity, Andreevs effect) Sky survey, very cold objects, ……

ВСЁ!