Нейробиология Механизмы речеобразования. Голосовой тракт человека.

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Нейробиология Механизмы речеобразования Голосовой тракт человека.
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Нейробиология Механизмы речеобразования

Голосовой тракт человека

Spectra of three different vowels uttered by a representative male speaker (the vowels are indicated in International Phonetic Alphabet nomenclature and phonetically). The repeating intensity peaks are the harmonics created by the varying energy in the air stream resulting from vibrations of the vocal folds; the first peak indicates the fundamental frequency (F0). As in an ideal harmonic series, the intensity of successively higher harmonics tends to fall off exponentially; however, the resonances of the vocal tract above the larynx suppress some laryngeal harmonics more than others, thus creating the formant peaks. This differential suppression of the intensity in the air stream as a function of the configuration of the vocal tract generates the different vowel phones shown. The harmonic peaks of the first two formants are indicated by F1 and F2; asterisks are the formant values given by the linear predictive coding algorithm in Praat. (Insets) Keyboards showing that the intensity peaks in the first two formants often define musical intervals. Red keys indicate F1 and F2 values.

Дизартрия (dysarthria; греч. dys- + arthroō расчленять, издавать членораздельные звуки) расстройство артикуляции, нарушение произношения звуков речи, обусловленное парезом, спазмом, гиперкинезом речевой мускулатуры, атаксией или апраксией. В легких случаях могут наблюдаться лишь отдельные нарушения произношения с искажением звуков, смазанность речи, в более тяжелых искажения, пропуски звуков, изменение темпа речи, ее выразительности, модуляции, в результате чего речь становится невнятной. В наиболее тяжелых случаях развивается анартрия невозможность произношения звуков речи.

Области, активные во время устной речи (по усредненным данным исследования девяти человек). Размеры квадратиков отражают разрешающую способность батареи датчиков, укрепленных на поверхности головы. Темные участки области с высоким кровотоком (и соответственно активностью); серые участки области с обычным кровотоком, а незакрашенные участки с активностью ниже обычной.

The neural network of speech production. Areas activated during speaking in the present study are shown in red. Schematic fiber tracts connecting those areas are represented by black arrows. Only main areas of activation and main fiber tracts are shown. The supplementary motor area (1) and the cingulate motor areas (2) are connected with the primary motor cortex (3). Several connections exist between the cortical and the subcortical motor system. Subcortical activation was found in the thalamus (4), the basal ganglia (not shown), the red nucleus (6) and in the vermal and paravermal cerebellum (5). In addition, the bilateral posterior superior temporal gyrus (7) was activated. The brain stem nuclei innervating the articulatory organs, such as the nucleus hypoglossus, were outside the field of view (8). Soros et al., Clustered functional MRI of overt speech production. NeuroImage 32 (2006) 376 – 387 Активация областей мозга при произнесении гласных, слогов и простых бессмысленных слов (по результатам фЯМР томографии)