О проблеме прогноза больших солнечных вспышек Б.В. Сомов Московский Государственный Университет им. М.В. Ломоносова Государственный Астрономический Институт.

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О проблеме прогноза больших солнечных вспышек Б.В. Сомов Московский Государственный Университет им. М.В. Ломоносова Государственный Астрономический Институт им. П.К. Штернберга ИКИ РАН, 7-я конф. «Физика плазмы в солнечной системе» 6-10 февраля 2012 г.

Прогноз больших вспышек - проблема не только научная, но и практическая, прикладная

AFOSR CONTRACTS F C-0004 AND F C-0019 K. D. LEKA, G. BARNES, T. R. METCALF, D. DELLA-ROSE, E. K. SCHUMER, D. LONGCOPE Physics-based prediction for solar flares based on the observed magnetic fields in active regions Analysis of Photospheric Magnetic Fields - Time Series Coronal Magnetic Fields store the energy available for release in flares GAISH 2011

Lots of data, lots of potential, lots of work to do. Magnetic free energy determined for five ARs as a function of flare productivity. Error bars reflect both uncertainties in the data and possible invalid assumptions used with the magnetic virial theorem. GAISH 2011 Главные недостатки современного прогноза 1.Малая достоверность 2.Слабая дифференцируемость, информативность Причина – недостаточное использование физических представлений о механизме вспышки K.D. Leka : Thanks to V.N. Ishkov

…В прошлый раз? … Много раз докладывались и обсуждались : Физика солнечных вспышек Физика солнечных вспышек Топологические модели АО Топологические модели АО Топологический триггер вспышек Топологический триггер вспышек

The Principle of the Classic Topological Model The separatrices cross at the separator X above the plane Q of effective magnetic charges The separator separates the interacting magnetic fluxes by the separatrices

The 1B/M4 flare on 1980 November 5 The 1B/M4 flare on 1980 November 5 My first flare Soft and hard X-ray images obtained by HXIS/SMM at 22:33 UT

Topological Portrait The topologically important magnetic field lines in the plane Q of the effective magnetic sources The active region AR 2776 where the flare on 1980 November 5 occurred Gorbachev, V.S. and Somov, B.V., Adv. Space Res., 10, No. 9, 105, 1990

The first practical use: Soft X-ray Sigmoid The S -shaped large-scale structure is not necessary to be a non-potential field It can be interpreted in terms of a topological model for potential field Somov, B.V., Plasma Astrophysics, Part II, Reconnection and Flares, Springer, 2006

Advanced Topological Model for the Bastille-day Flare The SOHO MDI magnetogram, July 14, 2000, the active region NOAA 9077 Model magnetogram with 5 effective sources of magnetic field (the Monkey model)

Topological portrait and the field lines forming the separatrices

Location of energy source in the flare Locations and shapes of the chromospheric ribbons predicted by the topological models The TRACE image of the flare loops and ribbons at 171 A Somov B.V., Oreshina I.V., Lubimov G.P., Astronomy Reports 48, 246, 2004

Topological model allows to find position of energy source, to calculate the magnetic flux reconnected at the separator and the electric field E ~ 30 V/cm Somov B.V., Oreshina I.V., Lubimov G.P., Astronomy Reports, 48, 246, 2004

Topological model allows us to investigate the structure of large-scale magnetic field Topological model allows us to investigate the structure of large-scale magnetic field Observed large-scale dynamics of flares is determined by fast magnetic reconnection Observed large-scale dynamics of flares is determined by fast magnetic reconnection

Тopological Trigger of Large Eruptive Solar Flares Somov B.V., Astronomy Lett., 2008, 34, 635 Somov B.V., Asian Journal of Physics, 2008, 17, 421 Оreshina I.V., Somov B.V., Astronomy Lett., 2009, 35, 207

Topological Trigger Coronal null X c quickly moves along the separator and switches back the longitudinal field Slow rapid Slow evolution of magnetic sources leads to a rapid change of the coronal field topology Gorbachev, Kelner, Somov, Shvarts, Soviet Astron., 32, 308, 1988

Longitudinal Magnetic Field The work has to be done to compress the longitudinal field into current layer The work has to be done to compress the longitudinal field into current layer A tearing mode caused by compressibility becomes suppressed if the longitudinal field is strong A tearing mode caused by compressibility becomes suppressed if the longitudinal field is strong The longitudinal field decreases reconnection rate The longitudinal field decreases reconnection rate …This is not the whole story…

Reconnection and Topological Trigger Reconnection changes a topology of field lines (step by step) but conserves the global topology of the field in an active region Reconnection changes a topology of field lines (step by step) but conserves the global topology of the field in an active region Topological trigger is a quick rearrangement of global topology Topological trigger is a quick rearrangement of global topology Topological trigger Reconnection in action

Structure of magnetic field in the corona before a trigger λ z (X1) 0

Change of the magnetic field structure in the beginning of trigger λ z (X1) >0 λ z (X2) >0

Final stage of trigger λ z (X1)

Criterion for the sudden appearance of magnetic null at the separator in the corona I sep = sign ( λ z (X1) · λ z (X2) ) > 0, where X1 и X2 are the null points at the separator footpoints. Oreshina I.V., Somov B.V., Astronomy Lett., 35, 207, 2009

Вывод 1 Предложен метод, который позволяет предсказывать появление нулеввых точек в короне на сепараторах, т.е. там, где магнитная энергия накапливается и преобразуется в энергию вспышки.

Вывод 2 Существует параметр, который характеризует величину продольного поля на сепараторе. Этот параметр - собственное значение z в основаниях сепаратора. Чем меньше его величина, тем меньше продольное магнитное поле на сепараторе, тем лучше условия для пересоединения, для вспыщки.

Эволюция АО NOAA 9077 перед Бастильской вспышкой (14 июля 2000 г.)

Модельные магнитограммы АО NOAA 9077 перед Бастильской вспышкой

Топологический портрет АО NOAA 9077 перед Бастильской вспышкой

Расчет продольного поля на сепараторе в АО NOAA 9077 перед Бастильской вспышкой Уменьшение продольного магнитного поля на 12 июля 14 июля восточном сепараторе 12 июля (синяя линия) и 14 июля (красная линия).

Вывод 3 Эволюция АО NOAA 9077 перед Бастильской вспышкой: Нулевых точек в короне не обнаружено. Однако, с точки зрения пересоединения условия в короне улучшились на обоих сепараторах, что и привело к вспышке.

Oreshina A.V., Oreshina I.V., Somov B.V., Astron. Astrophys., in press, 2012 Geoeffective flares on 2003 November 18 GOES 12 flux in A band. The flares in AR NOAA are marked in gray.

AR NOAA MDI / SOHO magnetogram obtained on 2003 November 18 at 00:00 UT. The white (black) thick line are 200 G (-200 G) levels.

Topological portrait of AR NOAA Topological portrait of AR NOAA on 2003 November 18 at 00:00 UT Solid curves are the intersections of the ceparatrices with the source plane. X1, … X4 are the zeroth points of magnetic field, the footpoints of separators.

Evolution of magnetic field topology Maximum values of magnetic field at both separators. The two largest flares occurred near the deepest minimum of magnetic field at the both separators.

Topologically Critical State Even minor changes in the magneric-source characteristics can lead to drastic changes in the topology of large-scale magnetic field. Even minor changes in the magneric-source characteristics can lead to drastic changes in the topology of large-scale magnetic field. AR NOAA on 2003 November 18 was very close to the Topologically Critical State at 08:00 UT. AR NOAA on 2003 November 18 was very close to the Topologically Critical State at 08:00 UT.

Некоторые практические вопросы

Необходимо помнить Инструментальная поляризация перемешивает продольное и поперечное состояния Природу не обмануть Нужен хороший современный магнитограф Обработка информации и прогноз вспышек в режиме реального времени

Winter Sun Спасибо за внимание