Программа РАН «Физика нейтрино и нейтринная астрофизика» Проект «Теоретическое и экспериментальное исследование космических лучей сверхвысоких энергий» Руководители: Е.Г. Бережко, И.Е. Слепцов Институт космофизических исследований и аэрономии им. Ю.Г. Шафера Якутск

Cosmic Rays Earth Atmosphere V.Hess (1912) I 1 particle/(cm 2 s) CR origin problem: i) CR source (?) ii) Acceleration mechanism (?)

Cosmic Ray Flux knee ankle GZK cutoff (?) Possible CR sources: Galactic SNRs Reacceleration (?) Extragalactic (?) SNRs (?)

Yakutsk Extensive Air Shower Array Operates since 1973 Designed for registration of Extensive Air Showers of secondary particles, produced by high energy Cosmic Ray particle in the Earth atmosphere Includes electron, muon and Cherenkov light detectors Purpose: Investigation of Cosmic Rays properties – energy spectrum, composition, anisotropy – within the energy range eV

Aperture of EAS arrays

Yakutsk EAS Array (area S=12 km 2 ) Single array station Extensive Air Shower (EAS) - Surface detectors (49x2+10) - Cherenkov light detectors (32) - Muon detectors S=20 m 2 (5) - Large muon detector S=180 m 2 - Differential detectors of Cherenkov light (2) - Future differential detector

Фотоны в составе космических лучей Поток фотоновДоля фотонов в составе КЛ (ИКФИА + ИЯИ: Glushkov et al. 2009)

Плотность мюонов в ШАЛ (Е > эВ) на расстоянии 1000 м от оси ливня в зависимости от зенитного угла ИКФИА + ИЯИ: Глушков и др Смешанный состав КЛ при Е > эВ

Mean logarithm of CR atomic number Berezhko 2009 Experiment: ATIC-2 (Panov et al. 2006) JACEE (Asakimori et al. 1998) KASKADE (QGSJET, SIBYLL) (Hörandel 2005) HiRes (QGSJET, SIBYLL) (Abbasi et al. 2005) CRs from SNRs + CRs from AGNs Yakutsk CRs from SNRs + reacceleration + Extragalactic CRs

Energy spectrum of CRs CR spectrum, produced in SNRs CR spectrum from AGNs J EG ~ε -2.7 Dip p + γ p + e + + e - (Berezinsky et al.2006) GZK cutoff p + γ N + π Experiment: Akeno-AGASA (Takeda et al. 2003) HiRes (Abbasi et al. 2005) Yakutsk (Egorova et al. 2004) Berezhko (2009, ApJL)

Detector synchronization will be improved from 100 ns up to 10 ns This will provide better angular resolution: Present Planned Modernization of Yakutsk EAS array ( ) Supplement by new detectors: differential Cherenkov light detectors to study Cosmic Ray composition

Спектр нетеплового излучения остатка сверхновой SN 1006 Berezhko, Ksenofontov, Völk (2009) SN Ia age T 1000 yr distance d = 2.2 kpc ISM density N H cm -3

Спектр излучения остатка сверхновой RXJ1713 Berezhko & Völk (2006) SN II/Ib age T 1600 yr distance d 1 kpc

Основные задачи на 2010 год: - обеспечение работы Якутской установки ШАЛ и выполнение работ по её дальнейшей модернизации - продолжение получения, накопления и анализа данных наблюдений - детальное исследования состава КЛ при энергиях выше эВ, где ожидается переход от галактической к внегалактической компоненте КЛ - развитие теории ускорения КЛ в остатках сверхновых и в ядрах активных галактик Запрашиваемое на 2010 год финансирование млн.руб.

Institutes achievements: CR transport equation (1964) Efficient mechanism of CR acceleration by shocks (1977) Kinetic nonlinear theory of CR acceleration in Supernova Remnants (1993…) Theory provides detail prediction of the properties of CRs and associated emission, produced in SNRs

Berezhko et al.(2003) radio InfraRedX-raysgamma-rays Cassiopeia A Type Ib Distance 3.4 kpc Age 345 yr Radius 2 pc

Theory: Berezhko & Völk (2007) Energy spectrum of CRs, produced in SNRs Experiment: CAPRICE (Boezio et al. 2003) ATIC-2 (Panov et al. 2006) JACEE (Asakimori et al. 1998) KASKADE (Antoni et al. 2005) ε max ~ Z Amplified magnetic field B d 2 /(8π) ρ 0 V S 2 B d >> B ISM knee

Cosmic Ray spectrum and composition CRs from Galactic SuperNova Remnants + extragalactic CRs Galactic CRs (from SNRs + reacceleration) + extragalactic CRs Galactic CRs Extragalactic CRs Galactic CRs Extragalactic CRs Precise measurement of CR spectrum and composition at eV is needed to find transition region between galactic and extragalactic CR components

CR spectrum measured by Yakutsk EAS array внегалактические источники GZK cutoff p + γ p + e + + e - p + γ N + π CRs from extragalactic sources

Correlation of highest energy CRs with Active Galactic Nuclei(d

Photons in Cosmic Rays (upper limit, 95% CL)

Ykutsk EAS array includes: 49 basic stations on 12 km 2 area, equipped with two 2m 2 scintillation detectors and with Cherenkov light detector 5 muon detectors of 20 m 2 (1 GeV threshold) 2 differential Cherenkov detectors Muon detector of 180 m 2 10 additional scintillation detectors and 14 Cherenkov detectors within the central part for registration of EAS with energies eV

Energy spectrum of CRs CR spectrum, produced in SNRs CR spectrum from J EG ~ε -2.7 extragalactic sources (Berezinsky et al.2006) Dip scenario Dip p + γ p + e + + e - GZK cutoff p + γ N + π Experiment: Akeno-AGASA (Takeda et al. 2003) HiRes (Abbasi et al. 2005) Yakutsk (Egorova et al. 2004) Berezhko & Völk (2007)

CR spectrum from J EG ~ε -2 extragalactic sources (Berezinsky et al.2006) CR from SNRs + reacceleration Energy spectrum of CRs Ankle scenario

Cassiopeia A Tuffs ( 1986), VLA Type Ib Distance 3.4 kpc Age 345 yr Radius 2 pc Circumstellar medium: free WR wind + swept up RSG wind + free RSG wind

Апертура существующих и создаваемых установок ШАЛ

Mean logarithm of CR atomic number Berezhko (2009) Experiment: ATIC-2 (Panov et al. 2006) JACEE (Asakimori et al. 1998) KASKADE (QGSJET, SIBYLL) (Hörandel 2005) HiRes (QGSJET, SIBYLL) (Abbasi et al. 2005) CRs from SNRs + CRs from AGNs CRs from SNRs + reacceleration + Extragalactic CRs

Astroparticle studies in Yakutsk E.G.Berezhko Yu.G.Shafer Institute of Cosmophysical Research and Aeronomy Yakutsk, Russia