ST.PAULS CATHEDRAL Подготовлено учителем английского языка Соболевой Алевтиной Владимировной. МОУ « Гимназия 4», г. о. Электросталь, Московская область год

ST.PAULS CATHEDRAL ST.PAULS CATHEDRAL HISTORY AND INTERESTING FACTS

Quick Facts Site Information Names: St Paul's Cathedral; Cathedral Church of St. Paul Location: London, England Faith: Christianity (Anglican) Dedication: St. Paul Category: Cathedrals Architecture: English Baroque Date: Architect: Christopher Wren ( ) Status: active Visitor Information Address: Ludgate Hill EC4, The City, London, England Coordinates: ° N, ° W Phone: Website: Public transport: Tube: St. Paul's or Mansion House Bus: 6, 8, 11, 15, 22, 23, 25, 76 Opening hours: Cathedral: Mon-Sat: 9:30am-3:45pm Gallery: Mon-Sat 9:30am-4:15pm Crypt: Mon-Sat 8:45am-4:15pm Cost: £10 admission; free on Sundays Services: 11am Sundays

INTRODUCTION St. Pauls Cathedral is one of the finest pieces of architecture in Europe. It is located on Ludgate Hill in the financial district known as the City of London.

St. Paul is the main church of London and a place for many state ceremonies. The Cathedral is also the burial place of many important persons who are commemorated with beautiful monuments.

View of St. Paul's Cathedral from the air.

HISTORY The present St. Paul's Cathedral, which was built between 1675 and 1710, is the fifth cathedral to occupy the site, which was sacred ( священный, святой ) even before Christianity arrived. The first cathedral was built by the Saxons in wood in 604 AD. It burned down in 675 and was rebuilt, again in wood, ten years later. In 962 it was destroyed by the Vikings and the "third" St Pauls was built, this time in stone. Following a fire the church was rebuilt again by the Normans in The work took over two hundred years and a great deal was lost again in a fire in Old St Paul's prior to 1561, with intact ( не поврежденный )spire ( шпиль ).

By1300 it was the third longest church in Europe and had one of Europe's tallest spires. In 1561 the spire was destroyed by lightning( молния ) and it was not replaced. "Old St Paul's" was ruined in the Great Fire of London in St. Paul's-The final design by Wren.

On 2 July 1668 Christopher Wren was asked to prepare a plan for reconstructing the lost church. The first stone of the new cathedral was placed on 21 June 1675, and the last in 1708, when Wren himself was 76. However the first service ( служба ) was held in 1697.

St. Pauls Cathedral in 1896

Sculpture of the Virgin and Child on the Great North Door. Did you know? The Cathedral is built of Portland stone in a late Renaissance to Baroque style.

St. Pauls cathedral is the second largest church in the world. The Cathedral is enormous. It is 175 m long and its impressive dome ( купол ) rises111 m (365 feet - one foot for each day of the year) and is about 32 m (112 feet) in diameter. Did you know? The dome is one of the largest cathedral domes in the world after St. Peters in Rome and weighs about 65,000 tons.

THE ARCHITECT SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN ( ) Sir Christopher Wren is the greatest English architect of his time. He designed 53 London churches, including St. Pauls Cathedral. Among his works are the Greenwich Observatory and Greenwich Hospital, Hampton Court Palace and Kensington Palace, the Sheldonian Theater in Oxford and the Library in Trinity College in Cambridge. Did you know? Wren was also Professor of Mathematics, an astronomer, a member of the Royal Society and its president( ).

Wren began to rebuild St. Pauls in 1675 and completed it only in The cathedral had been built in 35 years under one architect and Wren was the first to be buried there with great ceremony when he died in 1723 at the age of 91. His grave ( могила ) is very simple and covered by a marble stone. There is no monument on it, just an inscription ( надпись ) that says:Reader, if you seek a monument, just look around. Wren's Great Model Did you know? Christopher Wren suggested three plans, but only the third, known as the Warrant Design was given royal approval in 1675.

THE CONSTRUCTION. Like most Christian churches, St. Paul's Cathedral is laid out ( заложен ) in the shape of a cross. The longer end of the main arm of the cross is called the nave ( неф - центральная часть церкви ) ; the two ends of the shorter arm are called the transepts ( трансепт - поперечный неф ). At the "top" of the cross is the choir ( клирос, место хора ) and the altar ( алтарь ). The crypt ( склеп ) is in a basement underneath the cathedral.

The Cathedral is planned in the Renaissance style. The West Porch ( крыльцо ) is the main entrance to St. Paul's. A large stairway ( лестница, лестничный марш ; ряд ступеней ) leads up to six sets of double columns and the Great West Door which is used only on ceremonial occasions such as the wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana in 1981.

In front of the staircase youll see the statue of Queen Anne, the last of the Stuarts.

The towers were not part of the architects original plan. Wren added them in Both were designed to have clocks, but now only the tower on the south (right) side has one. Did you know? In one of the twin baroque towers there is one of the largest bells in the world, Great Paul. It weights about 17, 5 tons.

West side of the north tower of St Paul's Cathedral. South west tower of St. Pauls Cathedral.

THE NAVE

The nave is the central part of the cathedral that is in front of you under the high, domed ceiling.

The floor of the cathedral is paved ( выложен ) with black and white tiles ( плитка ). The interior is very beautiful. Inside there is a wonderful mixture of architectural work, paintings, frescoes and mosaics. Many famous artists took part in the decorating of St. Pauls Cathedral. On the walls there are paintings depicting( изображающий ) the scenes from the life of Jesus Christ.

Mosaic detail. Angel. St. Pauls icon Did you know? The magnificent mosaics that show the symbols of Christianity were added in the 19 th century by request of Queen Victoria.

South side of the nave from the back of the church.

The long central section of the cathedral that leads t o the dome The long central section of the cathedral that leads t o the dome.

High Altar Originally, the cathedral had a simple table for an altar. Today's very rich high altar ( алтарь, жертвенник, престол в христианских церквях ) dates from 1958 and is made of marble and gilded oak ( дуб ). It replaces a large Victorian marble altar, which was damaged by the bombing during World War II, and is based on a sketch ( набросок ) by Christopher Wren.

Organ details The choir is at the east of the cathedral. This is where the choir( хор ) and the priests ( священники ) sit during services. It is home to the cathedral's great organ, which was installed in 1695 and has been rebuilt several times. The current instrument is the third biggest in Britain. THE CHOIR

As you go down the Nave you can view the monuments and statues dedicated to a wide range of people: famous priests of the past, military and political figures, national heroes, painters and many others. MONUMENTS AND MEMORIALS

THE WELLINGTON MONUMENT A monument to one of the Britain's greatest soldiers and statesmen, the Duke of Wellington, is in the north transept ( боковой неф храма ; придел ). It is the largest memorial in the cathedral. Wellington is riding his horse on the top of the monument. Several architects worked on it. Wellington died in 1852 but his monument was not completed until He is actually buried in the crypt.

Did you know? Other memorials commemorate the landscape painter William Turner ( ); the first president of the Royal Academy, Sir Joshua Reynolds; a British nurse and hospital reformer Florence Nightingale ( ) and many other notable people.

THE CHAPELS The nave has several chapels ( капелла, часовня, молельня - место для проведения служб ). To the left (north transept) is St. Dunstan's Chapel, which was one of the earliest parts of the cathedral to come into use. It was originally known as the Morning Chapel. In 1905 it was dedicated to St. Dunstan, who was Bishop of London and Archbishop of Canterbury over 1,000 years ago. All Souls Chapel is further down on the left side. It is dedicated primarily to soldiers of World War I. The Chapel of the Order of St. Michael and St. George is across from St. Dunstan's on the right side (south transept). Round the corner behind the high alter is the American Memorial Chapel. It is dedicated to 28 thousand Americans based in Britain who lost their lives in World War II. It was opened in November 1958.

The Chapel of St Michael and St George The American Memorial Chapel.

THE GALLERIES. The dome contains three circular galleries - the internal ( внутренняя ) Whispering Gallery, the external ( внешняя )Stone Gallery and the external Golden Gallery. The entrance to the galleries is at the right side just before the dome. If you climb 259 steps, you will get to the Whispering Gallery. It is famous for its unusual acoustics. Two people can stand at opposite sides of the 32m dome and one can whisper something against the wall and the person on the other side will hear it.

View from the Whispering Gallery

Whispering Gallery. Detail Did you know? The golden ball on the top of the dome is 6 feet (about 2 m) in diameter and has room inside for ten people! St. Pauls Cathedral. Very top. The Golden Gallery

The Golden Gallery is at the highest point of the dome. It is 530 steps up (about 85 m). It offers a panoramic view across London. The Stone Gallery is 378 steps up (53m). Its broad platform has telescopes to make the best of the beautiful view and benches for weary legs.

View over the west front from the dome.

THE CRYPT The Crypt ( склеп ) is in the basement of the cathedral. The entrances to it are in both transepts, on either side of the dome. It contains over 200 memorials. Many notable figures are buried here including Christopher Wren himself.

Wren's tomb Sir Christopher Wren, the architect of St Paul's, is buried in at the east end of the crypt. His tomb ( надгробие, могила ) is marked by a simple marble stone and is surrounded by memorials to his family and other colleagues who worked on the building of St Paul's.

Nelsons Tomb Admiral Horatio Nelson ( ) is a British naval commander famous for his numerous victories that made him a national hero. In his final battle at Cape Trafalgar in 1805 Lord Nelson was mortally wounded. After his state funeral he was buried in the crypt of St. Pauls. Did you know? Horatio Nelson is also honoured with Nelson's Column, which stands on Trafalgar Square.

Sir Arthur Wellesley,1 st Duke of Wellington ( ) Duke of Wellingtons tomb Sir Arthur Wellesley is a British soldier and statesman. He is considered one of the leading military and political figures of the 19 th century. Lord Wellington defeated Napoleon at Waterloo in Although a national hero, he rests ( покоится ) in a simple coffin ( гроб ) made of granite.

Isaac Newtons tomb Did you know? In the crypt of the cathedral there is a tomb(надгробие) of the scientist Isaac Newton ( )and the prime minister of the UK Winston Churchill ( ), the greatest British leader of the 20 th century.

Throughout its history, St Paul's has been a place where the individual and the nation can express feelings of joy, gratitude and sorrow. Many important events have taken place here over the years, including: The funerals ( похороны ) of Lord Nelson (1806), the Duke of Wellington (1852) and Sir Winston Churchill(1965) ; Celebration for Queen Victoria Diamond Jubilee (1897)and the Silver Jubilees of King George V (1935) and the Queen (1977); Peace services marking the end of the First and Second World Wars; The Service of Remembrance and Commemoration for September 11, 2001; The 80th and 100th birthdays of Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother; The wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales, to Lady Diana Spencer; The Thanksgiving for the Golden Jubilee of Her Majesty the Queen.

St Paul's has remained a busy, working church where millions have come to worship and find peace. It is a heritage site of international importance which attracts thousands of people each year. It is a symbol of the City and Nation and, above all, a lasting monument to the glory of God.

GLOSSARY 1. church ( церковь ) 2. cathedral ( кафедральный собор ) 3. faith ( религиозная вера, вероисповедование ) 4. sacred ( священный, святой ) 5. spire ( шпиль ) 6. service ( служба, месса ) 7. dome ( купол ) 8. grave ( могила ) 9. inscription ( надпись ) 10. nave ( неф - центральная часть церкви ) 11. transept ( трансепт - поперечный неф ). 12. choir ( клирос, место хора )

13. tower ( башня ) 14. high altar ( алтарь, главный престол ). 15. crypt ( склеп ) 16. stairway ( лестница, лестничный марш ; ряд ступеней ) 17. cross ( крест ) 18. tile ( плитка ) 19. priest ( священник ) 20. chapel ( капелла, часовня, молельня - место для проведения служб ). 21. tomb( надгробие ) 22. internal gallery ( внутренняя галерея ) 23. external gallery ( внешняя галерея ) 24. coffin ( гроб ) 25. funeral ( похороны )

Literature and internet resources. 1. Васильев М. В. Достопримечательности Лондона. – 2- ое изд. – М.: Айрис - пресс, с. 2. Васильев М. В. Достопримечательности Великобритании. – 2- ое изд. – М.: Айрис - пресс, с. 3. Синельникова М. В. Это Лондон. География. История. Культура. Достопримечательности : Книга для чтения на английском языке с вопросами, заданиями и диалогами. – Спб.: КОРОНА принт, с., ил.

Источники History History Cathedral Cathedral