© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BCMSN v Wireless LANs Implementing WLANs

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BCMSN v Cisco WLAN Implementation Autonomous WLAN solution Autonomous access points Lightweight WLAN solution Lightweight access points WLAN controller

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BCMSN v Autonomous WLAN Solution Autonomous access point –Cisco IOS software Network infratructure –PoE switch and router Wireless Domain Services (WDS) –Management support Wireless LAN Solution Engine (WLSE) –Centralized management Acess Control Server (ACS) –RADIUS/TACACS+ security

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BCMSN v Lightweight WLAN Solution Lightweight access point Network infratructure –PoE switch and router Cisco Wireless LAN controller (WLC) –Access point configuration Cisco Wireless Control System (WCS) –Management Location appliance –Location tracking Cisco Secure Acess Control Server (ACS) –RADIUS/TACACS+ security

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BCMSN v Lightweight WLAN Solution

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BCMSN v Lightweight Access Point Protocol Real-time frame exchange and certain real-time portions of MAC management are accomplished within the access point. Authentication, security management, and mobility are handled by WLAN controllers. Data and control messages are exchanged between the access point and the WLAN controller using LWAPP. Control messages are encrypted. All client data traffic is sent via the WLAN controller.

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BCMSN v LWAPP Layer 2 mode Layer 2 LWAPP is in an Ethernet frame. The WLAN controller and the access point must be in the same broadcast domain and IP subnet. Layer 3 mode Layer 3 LWAPP is in a UDP/IP frame. The WLAN controller and access point can be in the same or different broadcast domains and IP subnets. The access point must obtain an IP address via DHCP.

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BCMSN v Association of Access Point to WLAN Controller Access points use LWAPP in Layer 2 and Layer 3 mode to associate to the WLAN controller. In Layer 3 mode, the access point sends an LWAPP discovery request to the controller management IP address via a directed broadcast. The controller responds with a discovery response from the manager IP address that includes the number of access points currently associated to the access point manager interface. The access point chooses the access point manager IP address with the least number of access points and sends the join request. All subsequent communication is to the WLAN controller access point manager IP address.

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BCMSN v Cisco Aironet WLCs Scalability Integrated Radio Resource Management (RRM) Zero-configuration deployment Multilayered security Intrusion detection, location, and containment Mobility management Reliability Intuitive management interfaces WLC 2000 WLC 4400

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BCMSN v Comparison of the WLAN Configuration Autonomous WLAN solution Autonomous access points Configuration of each access point Independent operation Centralized management via WLSE Access point redundancy Lightweight WLAN solution Lightweight access points Configuration via WLC Dependent on WLC Centralized management via WCS WLC redundancy

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BCMSN v WLAN Components Autonomous Solution Wireless clients Lightweight Solution Autonomous access points Access points Lightweight access points Wireless Domain Services (WDS) ControlWLAN controller WLAN Solution Engine (WLSE) WLAN management Cisco Wireless Control System (WCS) PoE switches, routers Network infrastructure PoE switches, routers DHCP, DNS, AAANetwork servicesDHCP, DNS, AAA

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BCMSN v Cisco Unified Wireless Network Unified cellular and Wi-Fi VoIP. Advanced threat detection, identity networking, location-based security, asset tracking, and guest access. Unified Advanced Services Same level of security, scalability, reliability, ease of deployment, and management for wireless LANs as wired LANs. World-Class Network Management Integration into all major switching and routing platforms. Secure, innovative WLAN controllers. Network Unification Mobility Platform Ubiquitous network access in all environments. Plug and play. 90% of Wi-Fi silicon is Cisco Compatible certified. Advance services support. Client Devices

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BCMSN v Cisco Unified Wireless Network (Cont.) Unified, built-in support of leading-edge applications, not an afterthought. Cisco Wireless Location Appliance, Cisco WCS, SDN, NAC, Wi-Fi phones, and RF firewalls. Unified Advanced Services World Class NMS that visualizes and helps secure your air space. Cisco Wireless Control System (WCS). World-Class Network Management Cisco Self-Defending Network Seamless network infrastructure across a range of platforms. Cisco 4400 and 2000 Wireless LAN Controllers. Future Cisco Catalyst 6500, Series WiSM, ISR, and 3750 integration. Network Unification Mobility Platform Access points dynamically configured and managed through LWAPP. Cisco Aironet Access Points: 1500, 1300, 1240AG, 1230AG, 1130AG, and Bridges: 1400 and Secure clients that work out of the box. Cisco Compatible client devices & Cisco Aironet clients. Client Devices

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BCMSN v Features Industrys best range and throughput Enterprise-class security Many configuration options Simultaneous air monitoring and traffic delivery Wide area networking for outdoor areas Benefits Zero-touch management No dedicated air monitors Support for all deployment scenarios (indoor and outdoor) Secure coverage to advanced services Mobility Platform Cisco Aironet Access Points and Bridges Indoor Access Points 1130AG1000 Indoor Rugged Access Points AG1230AG Outdoor Access Points/Bridges

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BCMSN v Power over Ethernet © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BCMSN v Power over Ethernet (PoE) Sending operating power over Ethernet Category 5 cable Power-sourcing equipment (PSE) –Switches, power injector Powered devices –Access points, IP phones Up to 15.4W power per port Distances up to 100 meters Alternative: AC power adapter

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BCMSN v PoE Delivery Pair 1,2 and 3,6Pair 4,5 and 7,8 Two approved methods for inserting power into Ethernet cable : Detection of power requirements IEEE 802.3af Cisco proprietary inline power

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BCMSN v Midspan Power Injection Uses pairs 4,5 and 7,8 Requires eight-wire cabling Does not extend 100-m total length limit Not possible for 1000TX

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BCMSN v Power-Sourcing Equipment Power injector –AIR-PWRINJ3/AIR-PWRINJ-FIB Powering switch –Cisco Catalyst 3560-PS/3750-PS –Cisco Express CE500-LC/CE500-PC –Cisco Catalyst 4500/6500 switch with inline power line cards –Router module NM-16ESW-PWR –Router card HWIC-4ESW-POE –Router with PoE support

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BCMSN v Investment Protection Cisco has shipped over 18 million ports with PoE installed. New Cisco devices (PSEs and powered devices) support both PoE methods. –IEEE 802.3af –Cisco proprietary PoE Examples: –Access points 1131AG, 1242AG –Switches: 3560, 3750 –Router: 1812, HWIC-4ESW-POE Automatic detection; no configuration is required.

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BCMSN v PoE Switch switch(config-if)# power inline {auto | never} Display PoE statistics switch# show power inline [interface] switch# show power inline Available:370.0(w) Used:61.6(w) Remaining:308.4(w) Interface Admin Oper Power Device Class Max (Watts) Gi0/1 auto off 0.0 n/a n/a 15.4 Gi0/2 auto on 15.4 Ieee PD Gi0/3 auto off 0.0 n/a n/a 15.4 Gi0/4 auto on 15.4 Ieee PD Gi0/5 auto off 0.0 n/a n/a 15.4 Gi0/6 auto on 15.4 Ieee PD Gi0/7 auto off 0.0 n/a n/a 15.4 Gi0/8 auto on 15.4 Ieee PD PoE configuration

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BCMSN v PoE Switch Port Status

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BCMSN v Antennas © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BCMSN v Antenna Concepts Directionality Omnidirectional antennas (360 degree coverage) Directional antennas (limited range of coverage) Gain Measured in dBi (gain over theoretical isotropic) More gain means focusing in certain directions, limited range of coverage Polarization Vertical polarization for WLAN

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BCMSN v Antenna Theory A theoretical isotropic antenna has a perfect 360-degree vertical and horizontal beamwidth. Reference for all antennas.

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BCMSN v Omnidirectional Antenna: Dipole Energy lobes pushed in from the top and bottom Higher gain Smaller vertical beamwidth Larger horizontal lobe Typical dipole pattern 2-dBi Dipole "Standard Rubber Duck"

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BCMSN v Directional Antenna Lobes are pushed in a certain direction, causing the energy to be condensed in a particular area. Very little energy is in the back side of a directional antenna. Side View (Vertical Pattern) Top View (Horizontal Pattern) 6.5-dBi Diversity Patch Wall Mount – 55 degrees

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BCMSN v Connectorized 5-GHz Antennas Cisco 5-GHz Rubber Antenna (Flat with Blue Dot) Cisco 2.4-GHz Rubber Antenna (Round, No Dot) 5-GHz (802.11a) antennas have blue ID markers. Dual-band (2.4-GHz and 5-GHz) antennas have yellow dots.

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BCMSN v Cisco Access Point/Bridge Antennas FrequencyAntenna Horizontal Beamwidth Vertical Beamwidth 2.4 GHz2.2-dBi dipole360 o 65 o 2.4 GHz5.2-dBi omni360 o 38 o 2.4 GHz6-dBi diversity patch80 o 55 o 2.4 GHz9-dBi patch60 o 2.4 GHz10-dBi Yagi47 o 55 o 2.4 GHz13.5-dBi Yagi30 o 25 o 2.4 GHz21-dBi dish12.5 o 5 GHz3.5-dBi dipole360o360o 40 o 5 GHz6-dBi omni360 o 17 o 5 GHz7-dBi patch70 o 50 o

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BCMSN v Multipath Distortion Multipath distortion (a form of radio degradation) occurs when radio signals bounce off metal objects in a room, such as metal cabinets or ceiling lights. OFDM overcomes multipath distortion through parallel frequency use. Multiple signals at receiver cause distortion of the signal. As radio waves bounce, they arrive at the receiver slightly delayed, combining with the original signal, causing distortion. Diversity systems use two antennas in different positions to reduce the degradation.

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BCMSN v Definition of Decibel Decibel (dB) Ratio of one value to another dBm = Power based on 1 milliwatt 0 dBm = 1 mW dBi = Antenna gain based on isotropic antenna [dB] = 10 log 10 (Ratio) 0 dB1:1 10 dB10:1 +3 dBMultiply by 2 –3 dBDivide by dBMultiply by 10 –10 dBDivide by dB = = 10 * 2 20 dB = = 10 * dB = 20 – 350 = 100 / 2

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BCMSN v Effective Isotropic Radiated Power Transmit power is rated in dBm or mW. Power coming off an antenna is Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP). FCC and ETSI use EIRP for power limits in regulations for 2.4-GHz and 5-GHz WLANs. EIRP [dBm] = Power [dBm] – cable_loss [db] + antenna_gain [dBi]

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BCMSN v Antenna Cable Loss Use cable that is supplied with the antenna, avoiding long cable runs when possible. Cisco offers these cables: LMR400-style cables –20 and 50 feet –Total loss of 1.3 and 3.4 dB, respectively LMR600-style cables –100 and 150 feet –Total loss of 4.4 and 6.6 dB, respectively Cable Type 2.4-GHz Loss (db/100 feet) 5.8-GHz Loss (db/100 feet) LMR LMR LMR400 LMR600

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BCMSN v Point-to-multipoint FCC allows increasing the gain of an antenna/cable system if the transmitter power is reduced below 30 dBm in a 1:1 ratio. Reduce transmit power below maximum of 30 dBm by 1 dBm and increase antenna/cable system gain by 1-dBi. 2.4-GHz EIRP Rules for FCC-Governed Areas Point-to-Multipoint The above values reflect the 1:1 rule. Transmitter Power Transmitter dBm Maximum Gain EIRP FCC Maximum1 W30 dBm6 dBi36 dBm Cisco Maximum 100 mW20 dBm 16 dBi36 dBm Reduced Tx Power 20 mW13 dBm23 dBi36 dBm

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BCMSN v Currently ETSI allows a maximum of 20 dBm EIRP on point-to-multipoint and point-to-point installations17 dBm maximum transmitter power with 3 dBi in gain attributed to antenna and cable combination. Reduce transmit power below maximum of 17 dBm by 1 dBm and increase antenna/cable system gain by 1 dBi. 2.4-GHz EIRP Rules for ETSI-Governed Areas Transmitter Power Transmitter dBm Maximum Gain EIRP ETSI Maximum50 mW17 dBm3 dBi20 dBm Cisco Maximum50 mW17 dBm2.2 dBi19.2 dBm Reduced Tx Power20 mW13 dBm7 dBi20 dBm Reduced Tx Power10 mW10 dBm10 dBi20 dBm Reduced Tx Power1 mW0 dBm20 dBi20 dBm

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BCMSN v EIRP Rules: Summary Frequency [GHz] No. of Channels (26 total) Channel Identifier Usage FCCETSI TX Power Ant. Gain EIRP – , 6, 11 Indoor Outdoor 30 dBm6 dBi36 dBm20 dBm – – 48 Indoor only 16 dBm6 dBi22 dBm23 dBm – – 64 Indoor Outdoor 24 dBm6 dBi30 dBm23 dBm – – 140 Indoor Outdoor 24 dBm6 dBi30 dBm – – 161 Indoor Outdoor 30 dBm6 dBi36 dBmn/a MHz and above currently not allowed in most of Europe

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BCMSN v Summary Autonomous and lightweight WLAN solutions are the Cisco implementations of WLAN. LWAPP is the protocol used between lightweight access points and WLAN controllers. WLAN components include clients, access points, controllers, management systems, infrastructure devices, and security server. The Cisco Unified Wireless Network provides a unified enterprise- class wireless solution. Cisco Aironet access points are available for indoor or outdoor use. Access points and IP phones can be powered over Ethernet cable. Characteristics of antennas are directionality, gain, and polarisation. Multipath distortion can cause low quality data transmission. Antenna and RF power is measured in decibels. EIRP limits are defined by FCC and ETSI regulations.