CORONAS-F project: observations of solar activity and its influences on the Earth ( ) Winner of the 2008 Russian Federation Government Prize in the Field of Science and Technology

CORONAS-F payload module. All instruments are on the front panel of the spacecraft. CORONAS-F

CORONAS-F Instruments

CORONAS-F Instruments 1.Multi-Channel Photometer (DIFOS) 2.X-Ray Telescope (SRT-K) (SPIRIT) 3.X-Ray Spectroheliograph (RES-K) (SPIRIT) 4. Spectrophotometer (DIAGENESS) 5.X-Ray Spectrometer (RESIK) 6. Solar Spectropolarimeter (SPR-N) 7. Flare Spectrometer (IRIS) 8.Gamma-Spectrometer (HELICON) 9.X-Ray Spectrometer (RPS-1) 10. Amplitude and Time Spectrometer (AVS-F) 11. Solar UV Radiometer (SUFR-sp-K) 12. Solar UV Spectrophotometer (VUSS-L) 13. Cosmic Ray Monitor (MKL) 14. Spectrometer of Energy and Chemical Composition of Ions (SKI-3) 15. Solar neutron and -ray spectrometer (SONG)

Prior to the launch on the Plesetsk cosmodrome, July 2001

In the period from July 31, 2001 to December 6, 2005, CORONAS-F was observing the Sun and manifestations of solar activity in near-Earth space. Observations of solar activity

X-ray images of the Sun Simultaneous images in two spectral lines Images in various spectral lines corresponding to different temperature layers in the solar atmosphere Major active region and flare on the solar limb

CORONAS-F studied the location and morphology of numerous active phenomena on the Sun and their influence on the Earth in the period of powerful events near the maximum of 23 rd solar cycle. Morphology of the solar activity CORONAS-F

CORONAS-F discovered and observed many times a new class of the phenomena associated with the glow of high-temperature (5- 20 MK) plasma features in the solar corona. The structure and dynamics of these features that manifest one of the coronal heating mechanisms have been studied. New class phenomenon in the solar corona

Magnetic heating of the solar corona Sunspot number 7 keV 20 keV Quiet corona Heated corona New data were obtained concerning the coronal heating and spectra of X-rays affecting the Earth atmosphere. 10 keV

Global oscillations of the Sun CORONAS-F observed the modes of global oscillations of the Sun (p- modes). The dependence of the amplitude of these modes on the observational wavelength was established. SOHO

CORONAS-F studied solar flares - the most powerful explosive phenomena in the Solar System

Reconstruction of the magnetic field structure in the solar corona during the most powerful flare of September 7, CORONAS-F studied the fundamental processes underlying the nature of solar flares

keV keV keV keV Flare of October 29, 2003 Фон High-degree linear polarization of hard X-ray emission in the impulse phase of a powerful flare was recorded for the first time proving generation of accelerated particle beams. Beams TRACE

Spectroscopy of atomic processes in solar flares Spectral lines from atomic transitions 1s-np and 1s 2 – snp with high values of quantum number n

CORONAS-F studied the acceleration and nuclear processes in solar flares. Positrons from the decay of charged pions, solar gamma-emission from the decay of pions, and gamma-emission from the most powerful flares were recorded, and energy spectra of relativistic protons were measured up to the energy of 14 GeV. Nuclear gamma-lines from solar flares

CORONAS-F determined the contribution of UV emission from solar flares to the total solar emission flux affecting the Earth.

Coronal Mass Ejections – the most powerful and geoeffective phenomena in the Sun-Earth system SOHO CORONAS-F

Extreme events in the Sun-Earth system September 2005 CORONAS-F recorded a series of extreme events on the Sun and studied their manifestations in near-Earth space. October-November 2003 January 2005 Longitudinal asymmetry in the location of active regions on the Sun

Neutrons MeV Gamma-emission E = 4 7 MeV October 28, 2003 Flare. November 4, 2003 Flare. Registration of gamma-emission and energetic neutron fluxes from powerful solar flares near the Earth

Radiation conditions in near-Earth space Oct. 29 Oct. 28, 2003 Radiation belts of electrons The motion of the radiation belts inside the magnetosphere Distance to the Earth

Maps of precipitation of energetic particles from the magnetosphere to the upper atmosphere 1 - Radiation belts 2 – particle precipitation Particle precipitation in subequatorial regions of the Globe with an essential increase of radiation background and long lifetime.

Dynamical X-ray maps of the upper atmosphere nightglow

X-ray transmission of the Earth atmosphere CORONAS-F studied the Earth atmosphere

Practical use at the IZMIRAN Forecast Center : Solar activity forecast Forecast of radiation conditions in near-Earth space Geomagnetic activity forecast Forecast information is used for launches on the Baikonur and Plesetsk cosmodromes (Roscosmos) for the control of the International Space Station (Flight Control Center) for supervision of the status of patients in medical organizations during magnetic storms for supervision of the safety functioning of some technical systems (satellites, pipelines, transmission facilities, etc.) Information of the IZMIRAN Forecast Center is available on the web- site and by phone +7(496) Every day, about 1500 users from Russia (83%), USA (9%) and other countries (8%) refer to information. Practical use of the results

Tel. 8(496) (496) Center of Geophysical Forecast of IZMIRAN Forecasts of the IZMIRAN Center are reported daily on the TV Space weather and its impact on the human activity Lanzerotti

From the First Satellite to the Solar Space Observatory International Heliophysical Year 50 years since the first Sputnik 1957 International Geophysical Year

Publications

Mass media about CORONAS-F project

International Conference CORONAS-F: three years of observation of solar activity, January 31 – February 5, 2005, IZMIRAN, Troitsk, Russia

Composite author Kuznetsov Vladimir – director, Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation Russian Academy of Sciences (IZMIRAN), Moscow Region, Troitsk Stepanov Anatoly – IZMIRAN Aptekar Rafail – senior scientist, Ioffe Physical Technical Institute Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg Zhitnik Igor – chief scientist, Lebedev Physical Institute Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow Kuzin Sergei – head of Laboratory, Lebedev Physical Institute Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow Kotov Yurii – director of Institute of Astrophysics, Moscow Engineering Physical Institute, Moscow Kuznetsov Sergei – Scobeltsin Research Institute of Nuclear Physics of Moscow State University, Moscow Nusinov Anatoly – chief scientist, Fedorov Institute of Applied Geophysics, Moscow Pankov Vladislav – Institute of Space Research Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow Shilov Anatoly – deputy head of Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos), Moscow