Great White Stone

Not all qualities in one deposit

1) Brightness and limestone Paper pigments –PCC – precipitated calcium carbonate –GCC – ground calcium carbonate Building materials –plaster & mortar

PCC – Preciptated Calcium Carbonate CaCO3 + heat => CaO + CO2 CaO + H2O => Ca(OH)2 Ca(OH)2 + CO2 => CaCO3 –control of particle size –control of particle morphology Brightness, opacity and bulk in paper

PCC – Brightness / Yellowness Example, Moscow area Limestone CaO54,5 % MgO 0,34 SiO2 1,22 Al2O3 0,34 Fe2O3 0,10 MnO 0,009 PCC (ISO) Brightness92,51 target95-96 Yellowness3,38 target< 2

Limestone as bulk material in white plaster & mortar

Limestone examles, southern Urals Brightness of limestone powder and PCC Deposit 1Deposit 2Deposit 3 CaO55,355,755,8 MgO0,520,190,21 SiO20,07

GCC – Ground Calcium Carbonate Limestone can be processed to meet quality –selective mining –sorting, optical –flotation

2) Reactivity Quick lime, CaO –slaking reactivity, heath formation –kiln types and burning process FGD – flue gas desulphurisation –wet method => limestone powder –fluid bed boilers => limestone fraction –waste incineration => Ca(OH)2

3) Purity Water treatment –heavy metals Steel production –low sulphur and silica Pulp, new mills –low soluble silica and aluminum

Selectivity in mining

GCC Steel PCC Pulp White plaster & mortar Water treatment

Norway Sweden Finland Russia Estonia Lithuania Poland Germany Pargas Vasalemma St. Petersburg Stockholm Lübeck Malmö Krakow Slawno Gdynia Szczecin Storugns Miedzianka Wolica Rakke Lappeenranta Lohja Helsinki Sipoo Louhi Köping Ignaberga Uddagården Luleå Verdal Vampula Raahe Kurevere Kokkola Vimpeli Seinäjoki Siikainen Landskrona Orsa Ljung Kristinestad Siauliai Nordkalk number 1 in its geographical area number 3 by turnover on European limestone market activities in 8 countries at over 30 locations Ingå Tampere Örnsköldsvik

Nordkalk is the leading producer of limestone-based products in Northern Europe Quarrying since 1898 Personnel: about 1300 Net sales: M (2004) Operating profit: 37.9 M

Limestone Purifies, neutralizes, fills, stabilizes.

Industry Paper Steel Pulp Construction materials Chemical Sugar Glass Road construction

Agriculture Soil improvement Garden Fodder

Environment Water treatment Sludge treatment Flue gas cleaning Environmental liming

Sales by customer segments % of net sales

Stones Pargas KurevereWolicaGotland 18 quarries and three underground mines different geological types and qualities of limestone represented 11,5 million tons of limestone per year

Trust, Competence, Quality Key success factors: diversified raw materials efficient logistics broad customer base leading market position competent and motivated personnel