Ratios Lecture, the 22 d of February. LOGO Statistical Indicators Statistical indicator is a numeric characteristic of social and economic processes. - презентация

1 Ratios Lecture, the 22 d of February

2 LOGO Statistical Indicators Statistical indicator is a numeric characteristic of social and economic processes. All indicators can be classified as individual and summary

3 Individual & Summary Individual indicators characterize only one unit of population Summary indicators characterize one class of population or the whole population

4 LOGO Individual & Summary 12 Summary Individual

5 LOGO Individual Individual absolute value characterizes one unit of the population investigated. It reflects the size of quantitative traits in individual units of the studied population. Individual absolute values are obtained in the process of statistical observation and characterize the individual units of a population (a man's height, weight, volume of production, etc.)

6 LOGO Summary The summary, or total absolute value characterizes the group of units together, or population as a whole. It expresses the size, amount of quantitative traits in the whole studied population. Summary indicator gives us the characteristic size of the phenomenon analyzed on a given set of objects or any part of the set. The total values are obtained by direct counting of units of observation or as a result of summation of the values of quantitative traits, which have a unit (for example, the population of the country, a separate branch of production).

7 LOGO Individual & Summary When we study wages the individual absolute indicator is a specific amount of wage for each worker, and the summary absolute value is the wages fund for the entire company, for some classes of workers or the payroll of a structural unit (for example, the first shop) Summary indicators can also be classified as volumetric and calculated

8 Volumetric & Calculated Volumetric indicators are received by adding values of population separate units Calculated indicators can be received by making different calculations All indicators can also be classified as absolute, ratio and average

9 Absolute, Ratio & Average Absolute indicators are measured in natural units (ton, kg, meter), cost units (USD, ruble, euro), and labour units (man-hour, man-day) Absolute values are the basis for the calculation of various statistical ratios Average indicators will be described in the next lecture

10 LOGO Example What is it? Possible answers: a) The date – the 2 nd of March; b) personal number of Dalaloyan Anait; c) a digital; г) a number; d) population of Surgut on the 1 st of January, 2010; e) something else – point out

11 LOGO 1.Absolute indicators In statistics, bare numbers can not exist without a specific reference to the unit of measurement, time and place

12 LOGO Ratios

13 LOGO Ratio Any relative value is the result of comparison of two variables Ratio, or relative indicator RI represents the result of dividing one absolute indicator A by another B and expresses a ratio between two quantitative indicators

14 LOGO Ratio RI=A/B

15 LOGO Ratios The ratio of quantities A and B can be expressed as: the ratio of A to B as B is to A A:B. The quantities A and B are sometimes called terms with A being the antecedent and B being the consequent

16 LOGO Ratios The proportion expressing the equality of the ratios A:B and C:D is written A:B=C:D or A:B::C:D. Again, A, B, C, D are called the terms of the proportion. A and D are called the extremes, and B and C are called the means. The equality of three or more proportions is called a continued proportion

17 LOGO Ratios A ratio that has integers for both quantities and that cannot be reduced any further (using integers) is said to be in simplest form or lowest terms Sometimes it is useful to write a ratio in the form 1:n or n:1 to enable comparisons of different ratios. For example, the ratio 4:5 can be written as 1:1.25 (dividing both sides by 4) Alternatively, 4 : 5 can be written as 0.8: 1 (dividing both sides by 5)

18 LOGO Ratios Where the context makes the meaning clear, a ratio in this form is sometimes written without the 1 and the colon, though, mathematically, this makes it a factor or multiplier

19 LOGO Ratios Ratios express numeric relation specific to particular social phenomena or processes. The indicator A is called compared value. The indicator B, that is compared with indicator A, is called the base or a base of comparison. When both indicators namely A and B have the same unit of measure, the result is expressed in coefficient (e.g. 0.3), percentage (30%) or per mil (from Latin pro mille) (300 )

20 LOGO Ratios In mathematics, a ratio expresses the magnitude of quantities relative to each other. Specifically, the ratio of two quantities indicates how many times the first quantity is contained in the second and may be expressed algebraically as their quotient

21 LOGO Quotient A quotient is the result of a division. For example, when dividing 6 by 3, the quotient is 2, while 6 is called the divident, and 3 the divisor. The quotient can also be expressed as the number of times the divisor divides into the dividend. A quotient can also mean just the integer part of the result of dividing two integers. For example, the quotient of 13 ÷ 5 would be 2 while the remainder would be 3

22 LOGO Properties of Ratio Ratio shows how many times the compared value A is more or less than the base B, or what proportion of A is in relation to B. In some cases, the relative value indicates how many units of A corresponds per unit of B. Another important property - the ratio abstracts from absolute values and allows to compare indicators, the absolute amounts of which are not directly comparable

23 LOGO Expression forms of ratios

24 LOGO Expression forms of ratios A comparison of the absolute values with the same name gives us unnamed ratios. They can be expressed in the form of shares, times, percentages, per mils, etc. A comparison of values with different names gives us named ratios. Their name is formed as combination of the names of A and B. The choice of form depends on the nature of analytical problems: just to express the ratio most clearly

25 LOGO Simple Division RI=A/B This case of Ratio shows: 1 - how many times the compared value A is more or less than the base B 2 - what proportion of A is in relation to B 3 - in some cases, the Ratio indicates how many units of A corresponds per unit of B

26 LOGO Percentage RI=A*100/B To switch from % to coefficient, RI should be divided by 100 To obtain % from coefficients, well multiply RI by 100

27 LOGO Per mil RI=A*1000/B Per mil: Latin pro mille, i.e. per one thousand. This form is used in demographic statistics

28 LOGO Examples of Ratio The quantities being compared in a ratio might be physical quantities such as speed, or may simply refer to amounts of particular objects. A common example of the latter case is the weight ratio of water to cement used in concrete, which is commonly stated as 1:4. This means that the weight of cement used is four times the weight of water used. It does not say anything about the total amounts of cement and water used, nor the amount of concrete being made

29 LOGO Display parameters The ratio of width to height of typical computer displays Older televisions have a 4:3 ratio which means that the height is 3/4 of the width. Widescreen TVs have a 16:9 ratio which means that the width is nearly double the height

30 LOGO Per mil RI=A*1000/B To pass from per mil to coefficients, RI should be divided by 1000 To obtain per mil from coefficients, multiply RI by 1000 To go from per mil to per cent, RI divide by 10 To move from per cent to per mil, multiply RI by 10

31 LOGO There are seven kinds of ratios

32 LOGO Kinds of Ratios Kinds of RI Plan Ratio PR Intensity Ratio IR Ratio of Plan Fulfillment PF Dynamics Ratio DR Coordination Ratio CR Structure Ratio SR Ratio of Comparison RCom

33 LOGO Ratio of Plan target RP Plan Ratio PR is a ratio between the planned value of future period and real achieved level of basic period (the previous or past or base value): where - plan indicator; - real level of basic period

34 LOGO PR Plan Ratio is the ratio between the value of indicator set at the planned period and the value of indicator achieved by the planned period or by the period taken as the basis of comparison PR is expressed in coefficients or percentages after additional multiplication by 100% In case of coefficients PR shows by how many times the plan is larger or smaller than achieved values by the planned period In case of percentage PR shows by how many percent the planned value is larger or smaller than the actual value in previous or past value

35 LOGO PF Ratios of plan fulfillment PF characterize the extent of accomplishment of plan target PF is the ratio between the current or reporting value and the planned value : where - achieved indicator ; - planned indicator. It shows how the plan has been fulfilled

36 LOGO DR Dynamics Ratio or Time Ratio DR – represents the ratio of values of the same indicator during different periods of time). It is a ratio between the current or reporting value x 1 and the past or base meaning x 0 and expressed in percentages where x 1 – real, achieved indicator ; x 0 – basic indicator. There are two kinds of DR – chain and basic

37 LOGO Basic DR Basic ratio of dynamics – ratio between the value of indicator of current period and the value considered as the basis of comparison where x 1 – current level; x 0 – basic level

38 LOGO Chain DR Chain ratio of dynamics – ratio between the current value and the past period value. Shows the change of the indicator from one period to another or from one moment of time to another. where x i – current level; x i-1 – previous adjacent level

39 LOGO Chain method While using chain calculation method we should compare each consequent level with the previous adjacent. Time series analysis indicates its levels by letter Y instead of X

40 LOGO Basic vs Chain

41 LOGO Basic vs Chain - 1 There is a connection between chain and basic DRs 1.Multiplying each chain DR well get basic DR of the last period:

42 LOGO Basic vs Chain Dividing the following basic DR by the previous DR well get the chain DR of the following period:

43 LOGO Basic vs Chain Dividing the following basic DR by the chain DR of the same period we will get the previous basic DR:

44 LOGO Example 3 The sale of cotton fabric by a section of department store in January totaled 3,956,000 rubles, in February – 4,200,000 rubles, in March – 4,700,000 rubles

45 LOGO Example 1 Rates of growth Basic DRs (basis – level of sales in January) DR F/J = 4200 * 100% = 106,3% 3950 DR MJ = 4700 * 100% = 118,9% 3950 Chain RDs DR F/J = 4200 * 100% = 106,3% 3950 DR M/F = 4700 * 100% = 111,9% 4200

46 LOGO Correlation of 3 ratios DR = PR * PF

47 LOGO Example 2 In the third quarter the turnover was 150 million rubles. Plan for the fourth quarter was 180 million rubles. Real turnover in the fourth quarter was 202,5 million rubles. Calculate DR, PR, PF and show their interconnection y 0 =150; y 1 pl =180; y 1 =202,5

48 LOGO Example 2

49 LOGO Example 2 Interconnection of DR, PR & PF: DR= PR* PF 1,35 =1,2 х 1,125

50 LOGO Example 3 The increase of the output of a branch during 2010 was planned to be 7.5%. Real increase during 2010 was 109,5%. Determine the ratio of plan fulfillment of the output. PF = 109,5 * 100% = 102% 107,5

51 LOGO Ratio of comparison RCom

52 LOGO RCom Ratio of comparison is the ratio of similar indicators related to different objects. RCom is a ratio between two identical characteristics describing different populations:

53 LOGO Example 4 The water reserves in Lake Baikal cu. km, and in Lake Ladoga 911cu. km

54 LOGO Example 4 Another way is to calculate a share in per cent, it gives us an idea of the next ratio

55 LOGO Structure Ratio SR

56 LOGO SR Structure Ratio is a ratio of parts and the whole characterizing the structure of the population, i.e. a share of each part in the population. SR is expressed in unit shares or in per cent: The sum of SRs calculated for all parts of a population is equal to 1 or 100% depending on the unit of measure

57 LOGO Example 5 The total number of Russian population at the beginning of 2009 was equal to million, million were urban residents, 38.2 million - rural. Calculating SR, we can determine the structure of the population by place of residence:

58 LOGO Intensity Ratio IR

59 LOGO IR Intensity Ratio IR shows how much a process under analysis is spread (birth rate, death rate, GDP per capita). IR characterizes the distribution of the process in a certain environment (density, intensity of a certain event)

60 LOGO IR Intensity Ratio IR is always a ratio of absolute values with different units of measure. For instance density of population in persons per one km² we receive dividing number of population in thousands by square in thousand km²: population density = the total number of people / area of land (measured in km² or sq miles)

61 LOGO IR IR is the ratio of different indicators relating to the same object

62 LOGO Example 6 Number of retailers in the region at the end of the year was The population of the region on the same date amounted to thousand. IR = 6324 * / = Unit of measure – number of retailers per 10 thousand people living in the region

63 LOGO IR IR characterizes the distribution of the process in a certain environment For example, production per capita is calculated as the ratio of annual production by the average annual population, the fertility rate is obtained by dividing the number of births during a year by the average number of women in the fertility age (15-49 years)

64 LOGO Coordination Ratio CR

65 LOGO Coordination Ratio CR CR is a ratio between two parts of one population

66 LOGO CR Coordination Ratio is the ratio of parts of the whole between each other RC = Part of the whole/ Another part of the same population CR is put into times or unit shares. Multiplication by 10 and 100 is allowed if logic requires that – there cannot be a ratio between people: 1 to 1.5, there can be 10 to 15

67 LOGO RC RC is used for additional characteristic of structure (e.g. number of women for per 1000 men and vice versa)

68 LOGO Example 7 At the beginning of the year the number of employees with higher education working in Trade house association was equal to 53, while the number of employees with specialized secondary education was 106

69 LOGO Example 7 Принимаем за базу сравнения численность специалистов с высшим образованием: We take the number of employees with higher education as the base of comparison RC = 106 / 53 = 2.0 : 1.0, i.e. for every two employees with specialized secondary education there is one with higher education

70 LOGO Ratio of level of economic development LED

71 LOGO LED ratio Ratio of level of economic development characterizes the size of different types of production per capita It characterizes the size of output per capita. We put capita in the denominator – average population size

72 LOGO LED ratio LED ratio is a case of intensity ratio

73 Your Task 3 1.Send a request for a Ratio Puzzle on or 2.Solve the puzzle: explain all calculations below the table 3.The number of points is equal to the number of cells filled (number of steps described below the table)

74 Task 3 4. Bonuses: -If you think the puzzle has no solution you add a desirable number to any empty cell and add 10 points for each wrong cell -You may invent a new ratio puzzle and get a prize of minimum 50 points -5.Calculate the total desired number of your points gained -6.Send solved puzzle to my

75 LOGO