1 Culture 2 The Nature of Culture A personality customized to a physical environment Culture. - презентация

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2 1 Culture

3 2 The Nature of Culture A personality customized to a physical environment Culture

4 3 Cultural Universals confronting common problems –E–Eating/food –S–Shelter –R–Raising children –C–Common problems associated with daily living

5 4 Two Sides of a Coin Culture –t–the way of life for a group of people Society –t–the interaction of a group of people who share a particular culture –s–self-sufficient

6 5 Culture is Lens

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9 8 Culture is taken-for-granted Cultural shock Ethnocentrism Cultural Relativism Culture provides the answers Culture, a survival guide

10 9 Defining Culture Culture – all of the shared products of human group Includes both physical objects and the beliefs, values, and behaviors shared by a group The language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that are passed from one generation to the next (Henslin 2007a:36). –A–A social heritage

11 Composition of culture –Material cultural products –Nonmaterial cultural products Material Culture – Formed by the physical objects that people create – Cars, clothing, books, buildings, computers – Archeologists refer to these items as artifacts Nonmaterial Culture – Abstract human creations (cant touch it) –Language, family patterns, work practices, political and economic systems

12 11 In Summary, so far…

13 12 Characteristics of Culture Culture is shared Culture if learned Culture is taken-for-granted Culture is symbolic Culture varies across time & place Culture is relative

14 Components of Culture 1. Physical Objects 2. Symbols 3. Language 4. Values 5. Norms

15 Components of Culture Physical Objects

16 Physical Objects Not only the Physical objects, but also the RULES for using those objects Technology: The combination of objects AND rules. *Also, tools used to manipulate the environment Ex. Computer= Physical Surfing the Web= Rules and skills related to COMPUTER

17 Components of Culture SYMBOLS: - Anything that stands for (or shared meaning attached to it) something else something to which people attach meaning and that they then use to communicate with one another (Henslin 2007a:39) - Any word, gesture, image, sound, physical object, event can serve as a symbol as long as people recognize that it carries a particular meaning - Ex. Class ring, word hello, handshake = all symbols Symbols vary from culture to culture

18 17 Components of Culture Symbols

19 18 Components of Culture Language –a–a complex system of symbols that can be combined any number of ways that represent not only material cultural products, but for communicating our nonmaterial cultural products as well –O–Organization of written or spoken symbols into a standardized system Sapir-Whorf hypothesis Language shapes perceptions Language leads people to think in particular ways

20 19 Components of Culture Beliefs&Values Beliefs –The statements that people of a culture believe to be true Values –Abstract concepts about the way society should be –Standards of judgment Shared beliefs about what is good or bad, right or wrong, desirable or undesirable

21 Values Differ from culture to culture Ex. Yanomamo: Brazil :Napoleon Chagnon… Fierce People Warlike; Highly competitive 30% of people die from war wounds Communities usually break apart because of competition and never get larger than 200 people Ex. San: Highly cooperative. Each family owns territory and does not trespass on each others soil Most members share various vital roles in society Types of values held by a group determine the character of its people –A society that values war and displays of physical strength will be different from one that places more emphasis on sharing and cooperation

22 21 Components of Culture Norms Shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations Behavioral boundaries regulating social interactions Norms are expectations, not actual behavior – doesnt mean that actions of all individuals will be in line with norms. o Ex. Norm is to be financially responsible – some dont pay bills Lots of norms in society: unimportant (cover mouth when yawning) to very important (dont kill anyone) Some apply to everyone while some are specific o Ex. Nobody in US is allowed to marry more than one person. Selected groups (some clergy and children) are not allowed to marry at all

23 22 Components of Culture Types of Norms Types of Norms FolkwaysMoresLaws Informal rules guiding everyday behavior Ex. Eating salad with a spoon Abnormal; not illegal Behaviors essential for society Has the potential to become a dysfunction of society Are usually enforced by Laws Ex. Killing someone Formal rules guiding behavior Written rule of conduct enacted and enforced for good of society

24 23 STATUSES Social Interaction ROLES values beliefs norms LANAGUAGE Symbols Building Blocks of Culture and Society

25 Heredity –transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to children. Environment –social and cultural conditions that influence the life of an individual or community Role – behavior – the rights and obligations – expected of someone occupying a particular status Assimilation – blending of culturally distinct groups into a single group with a common culture and identity Stereotype – oversimplified, exaggerated, or unfavorable generalization about a category of people Prejudice – unsupported generalization about a category of people Discrimination – denial of equal treatment to individuals based on their group membership Discriminations prevents someone from sharing their gifts with another person. Nature vs. Nurture

26 25 Culture - Terms Heredity –transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to children. Environment –social and cultural conditions that influence the life of an individual or community Role – behavior – the rights and obligations – expected of someone occupying a particular status Assimilation – blending of culturally distinct groups into a single group with a common culture and identity Stereotype – oversimplified, exaggerated, or unfavorable generalization about a category of people Prejudice – unsupported generalization about a category of people Discrimination – denial of equal treatment to individuals based on their group membership Discriminations prevents someone from sharing their gifts with another person.

27 Three Levels of Culture Culture Trait: Individual tool, act, or belief that is related to a certain situation (Spoon, Baseball..etc) Culture Complex: Cluster of interrelated traits (Silverware, Baseball Equipment…etc) Culture Pattern: Combination of culture complexes (Sports…not just baseball…etc)

28 27 Cultural Diversity A social mosaic of people from different racial and ethnic backgrounds, nationalities, religions, and cultures (Thompson and Hickey 2005:6) The spice of society (instructors view)

29 28 Cultural Diversity cont Cultural Diffusion Cultural Leveling

30 29 Cultural Diversity cont Subcultures Countercultures

31 30 Cultural Diversity cont Ideal verses Real Culture –Cultural Lag –Technology

32 31 Theoretical Perspectives on Culture Functionalism –Cultural ecological approach –Durkheims collective consciousness Conflict –Stresses the importance of power and coercion in cultural evolution (Inciardi and Rothman 1990:77) –Focus on social tension created by competing cultures, and subcultures Symbolic Interactionism –Micro level aspect of culture –How culture is generated, sustained, and changed in a society by people and not social institutions (Renzetti and Curran 1998:75)

33 32 Theoretical Perspectives on Culture cont In summary… –Functionalism & Conflictculture constrains human behavior –Symbolic Interactionismculture is a human creation