The Agricultural Revolution. Green Revolution: CROPS In the beginning … Blue Revolution: WATER Now … - презентация

1 The Agricultural Revolution

2 Green Revolution: CROPS In the beginning … Blue Revolution: WATER Now …

3 What was the Green Revolution? Term coined by William Gaud (Director of U.S. Agency for International Development) in March 1968 Movement to increase yields by using –New crop cultivars –Irrigation –Fertilizers –Pesticides –Mechanization

4 What was the Green Revolution? … (2) A planned international effort funded by: –Rockefeller Foundation –Ford Foundation –Many developing country governments Purpose: To eliminate hunger by improving crop performance Important figure Dr Norman Borlaug

5 Dr Norman Borlaug, who??? Considered father of Green Revolution U.S. plant pathologist/plant breeder Joined the Rockefeller Foundation in 1944 Assigned to the international maize and wheat improvement center (CIMMYT) in Mexico Won the 1970 Nobel Peace Prize

6 What is the Blue Revolution? Acute need of water for human consumption & agricultural irrigation 2.7 billion people worldwide will suffer from water shortage by 2025 (United Nations) Solution? Efficient water use

7 What has caused the Green & Blue Revolutions? Scarcity of resources (kekangan sumber) Agricultural soils declining acreage fertility problems Human capital lack of skilled workers age gap

8 What has caused the Green & Blue Revolutions? … (2) Scarcity of resources (kekangan sumber) Food import causes heavy cash outflow deficit in balance of trade food security? Population increase Pakistan >180 million World >7 billion

9 What has caused the Green & Blue Revolutions? … (3) Scarcity of resources (kekangan sumber) Differentiated agricultural industry to meet the needs of everyone! ohealth food, vegetarian, baby food, etc snacks livestock/poultry vegetables/fruits grain crops (rice, etc) industrial crops (oil palm, rubber, pineapple)

10 What has caused the Green & Blue Revolutions? … (4) Scarcity of resources (kekangan sumber) Environmental-unfriendly practices pollution of soil and waterways (rivers, lake, etc) oeuthrophication contamination of food chain

11 What has caused the Green & Blue Revolutions? … (5) Scarcity of resources (kekangan sumber) Technological pressure conventional agricultural practices cannot meet the current production demand ohigh quantity & quality of agricultural produce/products with minimum labor! high start-up cost

12 Breeding & Agrobiotechnology –high yields –resistance to pest & disease –savings in input costs (fertilizer, pesticides) –eg. rice varieties Tissue culture propagation without seeds (in vitro) Higher production of planting materials eg. orchids, herbs, oil palm Genetic engineering tomato in Holland – better texture & taste tapioca in USA – bigger size & higher starch content How to overcome the problem of agricultural resource scarcity?

13 How to overcome the problem of agricultural resource scarcity? … (2) Inorganic (chemical) & organic inputs –fertilizers, pesticides, soil amendments –beneficial/symbiotic associations Rhizobia (nitrogen fixation) Mycorrhizae (phosphorus uptake efficiency) –biological control Towards sustainable agriculture? Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) Good Manufacturing Practices

14 How to overcome the problem of agricultural resource scarcity? … (3) Precision Agriculture –site-specific management of agricultural inputs A holistic farm management strategy which allows adjustment of agricultural inputs so as to match varying soil/crop needs and field attributes

15 The goal of PA is … to manage variability in the spatial- temporal continuum so as to: maximize net economic return increase sustainability minimize environmental degradation

16 How to overcome the problem of agricultural resource scarcity? … (4) Mechanization & Automation –to reduce labor and save operation time land preparation planting agronomic maintenance harvesting post-harvest procedures food processing

17 How to overcome the problem of agricultural resource scarcity? … (5) Food Biotechnology –to meet consumer demand for nutritious food frozen food dry food health products

18 How to overcome the problem of agricultural resource scarcity? … (6) Net Export –to increase export of agricultural produce/products and reduce imports eg. fruits (Ornage, Mango, etc) poultry (meat, eggs) cut flowers ornamental plants