Sunday, July 26, 2015 © 1998-2006 by Ronald Keith Bolender1 SOC444 Sociological Theory: Auguste Comte. - презентация

1 Sunday, July 26, 2015 © by Ronald Keith Bolender1 SOC444 Sociological Theory: Auguste Comte

2 Sunday, July 26, 2015 © by Ronald Keith Bolender2 Auguste Comte References Comte, Auguste The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte. Comte, Auguste Systeme de Politque Positive. 4th ed. Coser, Lewis A Masters of Sociological Thought: Ideas in Historical and Social Context. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Hoult, Thomas Ford Dictionary of Modern Sociology. Totowa, NJ: Littlefield, Adams & Company. Perdue, William D Sociological Theory: Explanation, Paradigm, and Ideology. Palo Alto, CA: Mayfield Publishing Company. Rapoport, Anatol Operational Philosophy: Integrating Knowledge and Action. New York: Harper & Brother Publishers.

3 Sunday, July 26, 2015 © by Ronald Keith Bolender3 Auguste Comte z zThe father of sociology zBorn in France

4 Sunday, July 26, 2015 © by Ronald Keith Bolender4 Auguste Comte social physics sociology zThe new social science that Comte sought to establish was first called social physics but he later found the term stolen by another intellectual so he coined the word sociology, a hybrid term compounded of Latin and Greek parts (Coser 1971:3). zComte first used the term sociology in print in 1838 (Perdue 1986:37).

5 Sunday, July 26, 2015 © by Ronald Keith Bolender5 Auguste Comte The father of sociology; French philosopher who asserted... that the fate of mankind depends in many respects upon the development of a science of human social relationships, that establish scientific disciplines have progressed only to the degree that they have been grounded in facts and experience, and that therefore the needed new science of human social relationships (a science which Comte suggested naming sociology) should adopt the study and experimental techniques of the physical sciences (Hoult 1974:76).

6 Sunday, July 26, 2015 © by Ronald Keith Bolender6 Auguste Comte: Positivism August Comtes philosophy based on his conclusion that an intellectual discipline progresses only to the degree that it is grounded in facts and experience, I.e., rests on information about which one can reasonably make positive statements... (Hoult 1974: )

7 Sunday, July 26, 2015 © by Ronald Keith Bolender7 Auguste Comte: Positivism Positivism... seeks to describe only what obviously is, what one can really be positive about, that is, sense data. A strict positivist, seeing a black sheep on a meadow could not say, There is a black sheep. He could only say, I see a sheep, one side of which is black. (Rapoport 1953:74)

8 Sunday, July 26, 2015 © by Ronald Keith Bolender8 Auguste Comte: The Law of Human Progress (or The Law of Three Stages) As early as 1822, when he was still an apprentice to Saint-Simon, Comte set himself the task to discover through what fixed series of successive transformations the human race, starting from a state not superior to that of the great apes, gradually led to the point at which civilized finds itself today (Comte 1912:Appendix).

9 Sunday, July 26, 2015 © by Ronald Keith Bolender9 Auguste Comte: The Law of Human Progress (or The Law of Three Stages) Applying what he conceived to be a method of scientific comparison through time, Comte emerged with his central conception, The of Human Progress or The Law of Three Stages. (Coser 1971:7)

10 Sunday, July 26, 2015 © by Ronald Keith Bolender10 Auguste Comte: The Law of Human Progress (or The Law of Three Stages) Each of our leading conceptions--each branch of our knowledge, passes successively through three different theoretical conditions: the Theological or fictitious; the Metaphysical or abstract; and the Scientific or positive... (Comte 1912:1-2)

11 Sunday, July 26, 2015 © by Ronald Keith Bolender11 Auguste Comte: The Law of Human Progress (or The Law of Three Stages),,, Comte insists repeatedly that intellectual evolution is the preponderant principle of his explanation of human progress... (Coser 1971:8)

12 Sunday, July 26, 2015 © by Ronald Keith Bolender12 Auguste Comte: The Law of Human Progress (or The Law of Three Stages) (Coser 1971:7-8)

13 Sunday, July 26, 2015 © by Ronald Keith Bolender13 Auguste Comte: Hierarchy of the Sciences Comtes second best known theory, Hierarchy of the Sciences, is connected with the Law of Human Progress. The social sciences, the most complex and the most dependent for their emergence on the development of all others, are the highest in the hierarchy. (Coser 1971:9)

14 Sunday, July 26, 2015 © by Ronald Keith Bolender14 Auguste Comte: Hierarchy of the Sciences

15 Sunday, July 26, 2015 © by Ronald Keith Bolender15 Auguste Comte: Social Statics and Social Dynamics Social Statics zThe study of the conditions and pre- conditions of social order Social Dynamics zThe study of human progress and evolution (Coser 1971:10-12)

16 Sunday, July 26, 2015 © by Ronald Keith Bolender16 Auguste Comte: Social Statics and Social Dynamics Social Statics zFamily yTrue social unit xSmallest unit of social study in sociology yThe individual is not a legitimate component for research in sociology yFamilies become tribes and tribes become nations

17 Sunday, July 26, 2015 © by Ronald Keith Bolender17 Auguste Comte: Social Statics and Social Dynamics It is within the family that the elementary egotistical propensities are curbed and harnessed to social purposes. It is by the avenue [of the family] that man comes forth from his mere personality, and learns to live in another, while obeying his most powerful instincts. Comte (1896:281) and Coser (1971:10)

18 Sunday, July 26, 2015 © by Ronald Keith Bolender18 Auguste Comte: Social Statics and Social Dynamics The family is the most elementary social unit and the prototype of all other human associations, for these evolve from family and kinship groups. Coser (1971:10)

19 Sunday, July 26, 2015 © by Ronald Keith Bolender19 Auguste Comte: Social Statics and Social Dynamics Three Factors of Social Statics zLanguage yThe means of storing the thought and culture of preceding generations yWithout a common language men could never have attained solidarity and consensus yWithout this collective tool no social order is possible

20 Sunday, July 26, 2015 © by Ronald Keith Bolender20 Auguste Comte: Social Statics and Social Dynamics zReligion yA common religious belief provides a guide for behavior yReligion furnishes the unifying principle, the common ground without which individual differences would tear society apart. yReligion is the root of social order yIt is indispensable for making legitimate the commands of government. No temporal power can endure without the support of spiritual power.

21 Sunday, July 26, 2015 © by Ronald Keith Bolender21 Auguste Comte: Social Statics and Social Dynamics zDivision of Labor yCreates interdependence among members of the society ySociety ultimately benefits from a properly functioning division of labor yAs societies become more complex, the division of labor is the only means to properly adjust to that complexity

22 Sunday, July 26, 2015 © by Ronald Keith Bolender22 Auguste Comte: Social Statics and Social Dynamics Social Dynamics If the Social Statics are correctly balanced within a society, Social Dynamics can be orderly and positive for society.

23 Sunday, July 26, 2015 © by Ronald Keith Bolender23 Auguste Comte: Normative Doctrine Normative Doctrine Comte developed a complex blueprint of the good positive society of the future, a society directed by the spiritual power of priests of the new positive religion and leaders of banking and industry. These scientific sociologists- priests would be the moral guides and censors of the community, using the force of their superior knowledge to recall men to their duties and obligations; they would be the directors of education and the supreme judges of the abilities of each member of society. Coser (1971:12-13)

24 Sunday, July 26, 2015 © by Ronald Keith Bolender24 Auguste Comte: Normative Doctrine zComtes New Positive Order yLove as its Principle yOrder as its Basis yPropress as its Aim yAltruism xLive for Others