BRITISH INFLUENCE IN THE GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE. - презентация

1 BRITISH INFLUENCE IN THE GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE

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3 to poke out – виглядати, висовуватись; virtually [ ˈ v ɜː t ʃʊ əl ɪ ] – фактично, практично; human endeavor [ ɪ n ˈ d ɛ və] – людська діяльність; motion – рух; gravity [ ˈɡ ræv ɪ t ɪ ] – сила тяжіння; DNA – ДНК; application [pl ɪˈ ke ɪʃ (ə)n] – програми; persued by people – проведені людьми, «переслідувані» людьми; controversial [k ɒ ntrə ˈ v ːɜʃ (ə)l] – спірний, дискусійний; regard to – щодо, відноситись до; to lay the foundation - закладати фундамент; force – сила; the forces acting upon[ə ˈ p ɒ n] - сили, що діють на ; influential [ ɪ nfl ʊˈɛ n ʃ (ə)l] – впливовий; in response to – у відповідь ; polymath [ ˈ p ɒ l ɪ mæ ɒ ] – ерудит; via [ ˈ va ɪ ə] – через; immense [ ɪˈ m ɛ ns] – величезний, колосальний; cargo [ ˈ k ɑːɡ ə ʊ ] – вантаж; vicinity [v ɪˈ s ɪ n ɪ t ɪ ] – навколишній район, прилеглий район; directly [d(a) ɪˈ r ɛ ktl ɪ ] – відразу, негайно; simultaneously [s ɪ m(ə)l ˈ te ɪ n ɪ əsl ɪ ] – оддночасно, синхронно; audible [ ˈɔː d ɪ b(ə)l] – звуковий; the incandescent light bulb – лампа розжарювання; relativity [r ɛ lə ˈ t ɪ v ɪ t ɪ ] - теорія відносності; equation [ ɪˈ kwe ɪʒ (ə)n] – рівняння; subsequent [ ˈ s ʌ bs ɪ kwənt] – наступний, подальший; breakthrough [ ˈ bre ɪ kθru ː ] – прорив; citation [sa ɪˈ te ɪʃ (ə)n] – цитування, посилання (на автора);

4 7 British Inventions

5 NEWTONS LAWS

6 PROGRAMMABLE COMPUTER

7 WORLD WIDE WEB

8 TELEVISION

9 STEAM LOCOMOTIVE

10 THEORY OF EVOLUTION

11 TELEPHONE

12 IMPORTANT ADVANCES MADE BY PEOPLE FROM THE UK There are many others major theories, discoveries and applications advanced by scientists from the Great Britain.

13 The discovery of hydrogen, by Henry Cavendish (1731–1810).

14 The electric motor, by Michael Faraday (1771–1867), who largely made electricity viable for use in technology.

15 The theory of aerodynamics, by Sir George Cayley (1773–1857).

16 The first commercial electrical telegraph, co-invented by Sir William Fothergill Cooke (1806–79) and Charles Wheatstone (1802–75).

17 The invention of the incandescent light bulb, by Joseph Swan (1826–1914).

18 The unification of electromagnetism, by James Clerk Maxwell (1831–79).

19 The discovery of penicillin, by biologist and pharmacologist, Sir Alexander Fleming (1881–1955).

20 The first meaningful synthesis of quantum mechanics with special relativity by Paul Dirac (1902–84) in the equation named after him, and his subsequent prediction of antimatter.

21 The invention of the jet engine, by Frank Whittle (1907–96).

22 The invention of the hovercraft, by Christopher Cockerell (1910–99).

23 The structure of DNA, by Francis Crick (1916–2004) and others.

24 The theoretical breakthrough of the Higgs mechanism to explain electroweak symmetry breaking and why some particles have mass, by Peter Higgs (1929-).

25 Theories in cosmology, quantum gravity and black holes, by Stephen Hawking (1942–).

26 To sum-up, nowadays, The UK has the most productive research base amongst the G7 (Group of Seven) and other leading research nations. The UK accounts for 3.2% of global expenditure on research and development and has less than 1% of the worlds population, but produces: 6.4% of global journal articles 11.6% citations 15.8% of the worlds most highly-cited articles.