Translation practice considerably outstripped the theory. Fundamentals of modern theory translation began to be developed in the middle 20 th century, - презентация

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2 Translation practice considerably outstripped the theory. Fundamentals of modern theory translation began to be developed in the middle 20 th century, when linguists started studying the translation not only as result of individual works of the translator, but as a special type of speech activity.

3 One of the important types of verbal communication is exchange of information between the people speaking different languages and belonging to different cultures. One of the important types of verbal communication is exchange of information between the people speaking different languages and belonging to different cultures. INTERLANGUAGE COMMUNICATION can be carried out only with the assistance of the intermediary translator or the computer program which is capable to perceive messages in one language and to reproduce it by means of the other language. Language mediation can be carried out in different ways and the translation is the main of them INTERLANGUAGE COMMUNICATION can be carried out only with the assistance of the intermediary translator or the computer program which is capable to perceive messages in one language and to reproduce it by means of the other language. Language mediation can be carried out in different ways and the translation is the main of them

4 Scientific style is characterized by: logical sentence structure, semantic accuracy, an informative saturation, objectivity at a statement of materials and the hidden emotionality.

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6 The scientific text translation assumes use of the standardized language register. The scientific text and the scientific and technical translation don't suffer a duality of sense and misrepresentation of the used concepts and terms. The scientific text translation demands, first of all, clarity in a statement at the fullest compliance of the translation to the original. Scientific style in any language assumes use of a certain lexical and grammatical language material. The scientific text translation demands correlation of grammatical designs and lexical material of one language with another, taking into account features of scientific style in general.

7 which assumes both fine language skills, and good orientation in subject of the scientific text. Moreover, the translation of scientific articles demands from the translator knowledge of structure and rules of article composition in original and target languages.

8 1 informational content; 2 logicality and succession of a statement; 3 terms and professional lexicon; 4 accuracy and objectivity of a statement; 5 existence of digital and graphic information;

9 6 abundance of reductions as consolidation means of information; 7 traditional character 8 absence \ narrow use of figurativeness as a result of logical creation of the text. 9 syntactic structure characterized by completeness of the statement, the frequent use of a cliché developed by the system of binding elements (conjunctions) therefore it has to be stereotypic.

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11 They have to provide the accurate and exact instruction on real objects and the phenomena, unambiguous experts understanding of the transmitted data. They have to have strictly certain meaning which can be revealed by means of logical definition and establishes a place of the designated system notion.

12 The main reasons of making mistakes during the term translation: – misunderstanding of an essence of process and terms and choice of incorrect option. Ex: Уплотнение линий – sealing the line, but has to be multiplexing the line. - a dissimilarity of terms in English and Russian languages. Видео мантаж- …mounting, but is necessary edit mode, i.е. режим редактирования. - use of non-standard professionalisms: прозвонить цепь, i.e. to check the existence of gaps–ring through the line, but it has to be test the line. Lack of a term in the Russian-English dictionary can be compensated by searching it in English-Russian one, on the corresponding subject.

13 Though one of scientific prose characteristics is lack of means of figurativeness and an emotional estimate, in practice, they are rather frequent. When translating they should be replaced with emotionally neutral equivalents The adjective excellent is usually translated as " хороший \ высокий ", excellent results- хорошие результаты. When translating metaphor s it is necessary to reveal possible figurative meanings of the word and phrase in order to understand sense and to find stylistically neutral variant. Ex: Bottleneck - узкое место, трудность. These registers can be a bottlene ck- эти регистры могут создать помехи \ ограничить. The parent of these methods - основа методов.

14 The metonymy and comparisons are found considerably less than a metaphor. Industry - отрасль промышленности, - представители промышленности. industry looks at the expense of this system & says its too costly When translating a metonymy it is necessary to resort to lexico-stylistic transformations, replacing metonymy cases with the direct nomination. When translating comparisons, the image, as a rule, remains, but its interpretation / omission is sometimes possible. ( Ex : the problem has been used as an a peg (nail) of on which to hang the ideas) ( вещать идеи ) - this task was used only for a specification of reasoning.

15 knowledge of Latin and Greek terminology replacement of passive forms logical accent preservation During the work with scientific texts some points are also important :

16 1) In the English text personal forms of a verb prevail, whereas impersonal or indefinite-personal turns, are more peculiar to the Russian scientific style 2) In English texts of descriptive character, future time is quite often used for expression of usual action. It is necessary to translate such sentences using not future, but present, sometimes with a modal shade 3) Passive voice is used quite often in English scientific texts. When translating, you should replace it with other means of expression more peculiar to the Russian language 4) The Authors of English scientific literature widely use various abridgements which are absolutely obsolete in Russian. You should decipher them and give full designation. 5) Some words or expressions in the English text may contain an alien image to our language. When translating they have to be replaced with analogs [2]

17 any opening declared in the written text will be inevitably criticized at an editing stage. The translator bears full responsibility not only for the correct statement of thoughts of the author, but also for the acceptation by the editor. in the forefront, is the need of not categorical statement of the text. The new facts have to be presented in an environment of already known material, it is necessary to allocate accurately those ideas and the facts which author consider prior Other feature of the priority monograph existence in it of the new terms in it which don't have compliances in English literature. One of the ways of their translation is transliteration, another creation of the new word. In both cases such term will need accurate definition.

18 Рящина М. Э. Теория перевода [ Конспект лекций ] / М. Э. Рящина.- Астрахань, 2012 Рящина М. Э. Теория перевода [ Конспект лекций ] / М. Э Рящина.- Астрахань, /Translating_Science_(S.Shishatskaya).pdf /Translating_Science_(S.Shishatskaya).pdf