ITS AIMS AND NOTION. Phonetics (from the Greek φωνή ("phonê") "sound" or "voice") is the study of the physical sounds of human speech. It is concerned. - презентация

1 ITS AIMS AND NOTION

2 Phonetics (from the Greek φωνή ("phonê") "sound" or "voice") is the study of the physical sounds of human speech. It is concerned with the physical properties of speech sounds (phones), and the processes of their physiological production, auditory reception, and neurophysiological perception.Greek Phonetics was studied as early as 2,500 years ago in ancient India, with Unicode|Pā ini's account of the place and manner of articulation of consonants in his 5th century BC treatise on Sanskrit. The major Indic alphabets today order their consonants according to Unicode|Pā ini's classification.ancient Indiaplace

3 ITS AIMS AND NOTION refresh knowledge of general phonetics To enlarge knowledge and bring it to date To systematize elements of ph theory To get to know moot points and unsolved problems To know modern methods of phonetic and phonemic classifications

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5 The organs of speech and their functions.The organs of speech and their functions.2.)The organs of speech and their functions. Speech organs produce the many sounds needed for language. Organs used include the lips, teeth, tongue, alveolar ridge (альвеолярный отросток), hard palate (твёрдое нёбо), velum (soft palate) (мягкое нёбо), uvula (язычок) and glottis (голосовая щель). Speech organsor articulatorsare of two types: passive articulators and active articulators. Passive articulators remain static during the articulation of sound. Upper lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate, uvula, and pharynx wall (стенка глотки) are passive articulators. Active articulators move relative to these passive articulators to produce various speech sounds, in different manners. The most important active articulator is the tongue. The lower lip is other active articulator. But glottis is not active articulator because it is only a space between vocal folds.

6 Speech is impossible without the following four mechanisms: (1)the power mechanism, (2)the vibrator mechanism, (3)the resonator mechanism, (4)the obstructor mechanism.

7 The power mechanism Fig. 2) consists of the diaphragm (1), the lungs (2), the bronchi (3), the windpipe (or trachea) (4), the glottis (5), the larynx (6), the mouth cavity (7), and the nasal cavity (8) regulates the air-stream exhaled from the lungs. It consists of: pthe diaphragm [da ɪ ə fræm] - диафрагма, pthe lungs - легкие, pthe bronchi [br ɔ ŋka ɪ ] - бронхи, pthe windpipe [win(d)paip] - дыхательное горло (or trachea [tr ə 'ki: ə ] - трахея), pthe glottis - голосовая щель, pthe larynx - гортань, pthe mouth cavity - ротовая полость, pand the nasal cavity - носовая полость. The lungs produce variations in the intensity of speech sounds. Syllabic pulses and dynamic stress are directly related to the behaviour of the muscles which activate this mechanism.

8 The vibrator mechanism (the voice producing mechanism) consists of the vocal cords, they are in, the larynx, or, voice box. The vocal cords are two horizontal folds off elastic tissue. They may be opened or closed (completely or incompletely). The pitch of the voice is controlled mostly by the tension of the vocal cords. Voice produced by the vocal cords vibration is modified by the shape and volume of the air passage. Thorough acoustic investigations show that besides the vocal cords there are two more sources that participate in the production of speech sounds: (a) the turbulent noise, which results from some constriction in the flow of air and (b) the impulse wave, which is formed when the complete obstruction to the flow of air in the mouth cavity is suddenly broken.

9 The resonator mechanism (Fig. 3) consists of the pharynx (2), the larynx (4), the mouth cavity (1), and the nasal cavity (3).

10 The obstructor mechanism (Fig. 4) consists of the tongue (1: a blade with the tip, bfront, c - back or dorsum); the lips (2), the teeth (3), the soft palate with the uvula (4), the hard palate (5), the alveolar ridge (6). The tongue The tongue is an important organ of speech. It has the greatest variety of movement. It is divided into four parts: the tip, the blade, the front and the back. The number of vowels is produced with the help of the tongue. Vowels differ from each other because of the position of the tongue. The tip of the tongue helps to produce /t, d, z, etc/. The blade of the tongue helps to produce /t, dÎ,, etc/. The front of the tongue helps to produce palatal sound /j/ and the back of the tongue helps to produce /k, g/ sounds. The lips The upper lip and lower lip help to produce bilabial sounds (губные звуки) /p, b, m/. If they are held together, the sounds produced in that position are bilabial stops : / p, b/. If the lips are held together, they produce different vowels.