The typological category of gender consists of the notions of natural (biological sex and the grammatical (formal) gender. The connection of this category. - презентация

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3 The typological category of gender consists of the notions of natural (biological sex and the grammatical (formal) gender. The connection of this category with the natural sex is in the animals and birds. It is displayed by the nouns and pronouns in English. (But in Russian it can also expressed by the adjectives and the past simple tense forms of the verbs.)

4 Most of the Uzbek grammar books do not contain any information about the category of gender of Uzbek nouns, because the authors consider Uzbek nouns not to have this category at all.

5 In accordance with their lexical meanings the nouns of the comparing nouns may be classed as belonging to the masculine, feminine and neuter genders. Names of male beings are usually masculine (e.g.: man, husband, boy, son, nephew, bull, ox, ram(whether), cock, stallion – ота, у ғ ил, эркак, ҳ укиз,

6 бу қ а, новвос, қ уч қ ор, хуроз, ай ғ ир) and names of female beings are feminine (e.g.: woman, lady, girl, daughter, wife, niece, cow heifer( ғ унажин), ewe [ju:] (совли қ ), hen, mare ауол, хоним, қ из(бола), қ из (фарзанд), ), хотин, сигир, ғ унажин, собли қ, макиуон, байтал).All other nouns are said to be neuter gender (e.g.:pencil, flower, rain, bird, sky- қ алам, гул, уом ғ ир, парранда, қ уш, осмон).

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8 However there some nouns in English which may be treated as either makes or females. e.g: friend, cousin, doctor, neighbor, worker, etc. The same can be said about the Uzbek terms of kinship e.g.: жиян, қ ариндош, холавачча, қ уда, қ ушни, табиб, ишчи. They are said to be of common (neuter) gender. When there is no need to make distinction of sex the masculine pronoun is used for these nouns.

9 There are three ways of expressing the category of gender in the comparing languages: morphological, syntactical and lexical. Morphological way of expressing the category of gender is realized by adding suffixes of gender to the stem of the word. It is a highly developed way of expressing gender in Russian by means of suffixes ending in: a) consonants to be masculine, e.g.: дом, стол, праздник; b) vowels as – a, – я to be feminine. e.g.: мама, старуха, тетя; c) vowels-o, – e to be neuter. e.g.: ружъуо, море, окно и т.п.

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11 In order denote the gender syntactic way is also possible. In this case different kinds of combinations of words are formed in which adjunct word (modifier) usually denotes the sex of the head word. e.g.: man servant – қ арол, amid servant оксоч, boy friend-ў ғ ил бола урто қ, girl friend- қ из бола ўрто қ, tom cat еркак мушук, tabby cat ур ғ очи мушук, he-wolf еркак бўри, she wolf ур ғ очи бўри, he goat така, she goat она ечки, etc. As is seen from these examples English gender denoted by a syntactic combination (man servant she goat can be expressed in Uzbek both by syntactically and lexically, ( қ арол, она ечки).

12 In most cases gender can be expressed lexically, i.e. by the stem of the noun only. e.g.: father ота, uncle амаки, niece – ( қ из) жиян, sister-in- law келин, lord жаноб, also names of animals, such as mare бия, tiger – (арка) йўлбарс, ram- қ ўч қ ор, etc. Names of people can also denote the gender of the person who owns this name. e.g.: Arthur, Christopher, John – А ҳ маджон, Ба ҳ одир, Ша ҳ обиддин denoting male being and Mary, Christine, Nelly, – Сайера, Мехринисо, Гулоим, etc.

13 Nouns denoting various kinds of vessels (ship, boat, yacht, life-raft), the noun `car`, as well as the names of countries are sometimes referred to as feminine gender, i.e. by means of `she`. This fact is usually called personification. e.g.: a. Sam joined the famous whaler `Globe`. She was a ship on which any young man would be proud to sail. b. England prides herself with her greenness and tidiness.