Human Security and Security Strategy Policymaking Tetyana Malyarenko, Ukraine 2011 Jean Monnet International Conference Human Security and Security Strategy: Institutions and Policies in a European Perspective

Research design Approaching human security – from philosophical roots to varying definitions (security, human security, broad and narrow approaches to security); Indexes of human development of countries in the Danube region: a comparative analysis; Human security and security policy-making – case study of Ukraine

Research questions To what extent is the concept of human security reflected in national/EU security strategies/doctrines? Is it a guiding principle or merely peripheral? Especially, can the holistic approach advocated by the European security strategy be usefully conceptualized through the human security lens? Are the uses of the concept of human security compatible across individual states of the Danube region and between them and the EU? Is there a trend of convergence or divergence in the use of this concept? How do notions of human security in national, regional and EU security strategies/doctrines translate into policy practice and with what consequences for the implementation and success of security policy?

State-centered and people-centered approaches to security Security – from the Latin securitas – refers to tranquility and freedom from care, freedom from fear and freedom from want (Cicero); Human security concept means a concentration on the individual (rather than the state) and individuals rights to physical safety, basic freedoms, and access to sustainable prosperity; Chapter of the United Nations (nation-states participats; universal definition of security as the requirement to maintain the survival of the state through the use of economic, military and political power and the exercise of diplomacy); 1994: United Nation adopted the concept of human security and in 2003 expanded it – to protect people through violent conflict, for those who are on the move of migration or refugee status, post- conflict situations, improving conditions of poverty, health and knowledge

The broad and narrow definitions of human security The broad definition: UN approach (freedom from want); seven human security components – economic security, food security, health security, environment security, personal security, community security, political security; The narrow definition: Canadian approach (freedom from fear); restriction of parameters of human security to violent threats against the individual;

Human security as a core of European Security Strategy A Secure Europe in a Better World – European Security Doctrine, 2003 – European Security starts outside of the EU borders; European Common Foreign and Security Policy, and Helsinki Declaration, 2001 – European defense responsibility; A Human Security Doctrine for Europe: The Barcelona Report, 2004 (broad understanding of human security, socio-economic (positive) human rights)

Human Security Doctrine for Europe Definition: human security is… law-enforcement…with the occasional use of force; A wider Europe – Europe ends where politicians want to end (Maria Todorova) Importance of the international institutions – the International Criminal Court; and regional alliances, collaborative programs/organizations – the NATO, the Partnership for Peace, the OSCE Concepts of humanitarian intervention – against the more non- violent threats and humanitarian transformation – to make the world more secure; Europeans cannot be secure while millions of people live in intolerable insecurity. Where people live with lawlessness, poverty, exclusivist ideologies, criminal networks, and terrorism. Conflict regions export or transport hard drugs and guns to the European Union. That is why a contribution to global human security is now the most realistic security policy for Europe (New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era, Mary Caldor)

Three key elements of Human Security Doctrine for Europe 1.A set of the principles: human rights, clear political authority, multilateralism, a bottom-up approach, regional focus, the use of legal instruments, and appropriate use of force; 2.A Human Security Response Force – 15,000 troops, 1/3 – civilians, police, legal experts, humanitarian specialists; 3.A new legal framework to govern decisions and operations.

Indexes of human security CountryHuman Development Index 2010 Freedom House, 2011Failed States Index 2011 Austria0,851 (25)1 (free)27, 3 (169) Bosnia and Herzegovina 0,710 (70)4 (partly free)80,9 (70) Bulgaria0,743 (60)2 (free)59,0 (130) Germany0,885 (10)1 (free)33,9 (162) Hungary0,805 (36)1 (free)48,7 (142) Romania0,767 (50)2 (free)59,8 (126) Serbian/a2 (free)74,4 (97) Moldova0,620 (102)3 (partly free)81,2 (66) Egypt0,614 (104)6 (not free)86,8 (45) Yemen0,439 (136)6 (not free)100,3 (13) Libya0,755 (55)7 (not free)69,1 (111) Russia0,719 (67)6 (not free)79,0 (82) Ukraine0,710 (70)3 (partly free)69,0 (110)

Human Security and Security Policy-Making: Ukraine Ukraine is the only one post-soviet country, adopted a comprehensive approach to security at the level of foreign policy programs and security concepts (Law On National Security, 2003, Concept of National Security, 1997 – security: military, state-political, economic, social, environmental; actors – an individual, society, state; focus – individuals rights and freedom, societal integrity and political sovereignty); The security sector (institutions, decision-making, public servants) is threat for Ukraines citizens;

Concepts of National Security 1997, 2007, 2011 and Military Doctrines: Evolution Period of the SSR/Concept Threats/FocusContext (L. Kuchma) Law On National Security 2003 External threats/Human rights and freedoms, integrity of the society, independence of the state Perspective of European and EuroAtlantic integration (at least – hopes and beliefs); (V. Yuschenko, orange period) Law On Concept (Strategy) of National Security, 2007) External and internal threats/Tensions between the regions and groups of society; separatists movements Orange revolution 2010 – p/t (V. Yanukovich), Military doctrine-2011 and Concept of National Security Internal threats/radical social conflicts, terrorism Arab spring

Ukraine meets threats of terrorism Encroachment on Stalins head, December 31, 2010 Explosion in Makeevka, February 2011

Main risks and threats for Ukraines national security (Strategic assessment of Ukraines national security risks and concerns, Ukraine-NATO Joint Working Group, 2008) External risks and threatsDomestic risks and threats Aggressive policy of Russia toward Ukraine; Russia will stimulate separatists movements and will use military force (intervention) to resolve possible intra-state conflicts on the Ukraines territory Sharp uncompromising confrontation between major political forces, usage of security issues for speculation and political struggle; deepening gap between elitist groups and society Conventional matter of international humanitarian law (law of armed conflicts); IHL does not help to prevent/resolve contemporary conflicts. Therefore, external guarantees are not sufficient for Ukraines national security (The Declaration of Independence, 1991) Critical division of Ukraines society (regional, political, socio-economic, religious and language criteria) Escalation of violence in the zones of frozen conflicts; New potential zones of frozen conflicts on the territory of Ukraine State failure - weakness of democratic institutions, inability of the Ukrainian state to conduct its main functions (e.g. to protect human rights, rule of law, independent juridical system) Confrontation between Russia and the West; risk for Ukraine to become a buffer state Imbalanced system of national security and failure of the security sector reform

Enemy at the gates: NGOs as new threat to Ukraines national security interference in internal affairs, namely by means of informational influence, economic pressure or financial and moral [sic] support provided to political forces criticizing the government by non- government organizations (Concept )

Human insecurities in Ukraine Torture in pre-trial detention facilities; Limitation on mass media freedom, freedom of expression and freedom of assembly; Deaths in custody under suspicious circumstances; Violent hazing of conscripts; Government monitoring of private communications and movements of individuals without judicial oversight, Anti-semitic acts; Violence and discrimination against children and women; Trafficking in persons; Frequent harassment of minorities

General argument and conclusion 1.States can no longer emphasize national security without recognition that many security threats are transnational and can only be tackled in cooperative efforts; 2.In moving toward an evolving security architecture, the EU has demonstrated some new, useful thinking – it acknowledged the need to think, act and organize differently to prepare reaction on threats for national and human security; 3.The employment of region as an analytical category is appropriate and both useful. 1) there are clear links between local, national and regional levels of analysis of security, 2) transnational threats and so-called problems without passport, such as illegal migration, organized crime, environmental threats, energy dependency and dependency of income from transit rights is an equal destabilizing factor, which has a regional impact. 4.EU Strategy focuses on key components of human security: Economic security (threat – poverty); Health security (threat – injury and disease); Environmental security (threat – pollution, environmental degradation); Community security (threat to integration of cultures)