C I M M Y T MR International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center Drought workshop - Viêt Nam Introduce project Importance of drought in Viêt Nam Introduction to methodology Drought and low N screening methods Breeding strategies Mother-Baby trial design

C I M M Y T MR International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center AMNET – Drought Project for SE Asia Project Inception Meeting Bangkok, Thailand March 2005

C I M M Y T MR International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center Project Objectives 1.Improved maize productivity through stress tolerance 2.Strengthened national and regional capacity for drought tolerance breeding 3.Strengthened regional maize research network What farmers grow today Stress tolerant

C I M M Y T MR International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center Why Establish this Project? To achieve something we could not achieve individually What farmers grow today Stress tolerant Dr. Djoko Damardjati Dr. Tang Kaixue Dr. Artemio Salazar Dr. Manoom Pimklom Dr. Ngo Huu Tinh Asian Development Bank

C I M M Y T MR International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center Vietnam had an area under maize of ha, an average yield of 3.54 ton/ha and a total output 3.42 million tonnes.

C I M M Y T MR International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center

C I M M Y T MR International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center N0N0 Month Region IIIIIIIVVVIVIIVIIIIXXXIXII 1 North East 2 North West 3 Red River Delta 4 North Central Coast 5 South Central Coast 6 Central Highland 7 South East 8 Mekong River Delta Eight maize regions and seasons Note: Normal Heavy Drought Liable drought Planting time Harvesting time

C I M M Y T MR International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center Maize is grown in 8 ecological zones: North East, North West, Red River Delta, North Central, South Central Coast, Central Highlands, South East and Mekong River Delta Appropriate 80% of area is planted under rainfed condition. Drought is the biggest constraint of maize production in Vietnam. Annually total production is reduced by about 30% (up to 70%). During 2004, drought killed plants in regions 5, 6, and 7. Drought is most important at the beginning of first season and ending of second season of regions: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6,7. Region 5 is effected at the end of the third season. Therefore, drought tolerant cultivars are urgently needed for sustainable production and productivities.

C I M M Y T MR International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center Development of maize varieties adapted to resource-poor farmers conditions Tolerant to drought Early or full season varieties? Hybrids and/or open- pollinated varieties (OPVs)? Resistant to important diseases: downy mildew, rust, ear rots Consumer acceptance: orange flint, (taste),???

C I M M Y T MR International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center Selection for drought toleranceSelection for N stress tolerance What farmers grow today Stress tolerant The result - varieties with a difference

C I M M Y T MR International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center Conventional approach to breeding - the problem Breeders environment Well-fertilized Irrigated Pesticides applied Weeded on time 10 – 14 t/ha Farmers environment Little fertilizer No irrigation Few pesticides are applied Late planting/late weeded 3.5 t/ha Insecure returns to investment Cash constraints Climatic risk Poor health Inputs not available Labor constraints Starting 1920/30ies

C I M M Y T MR International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center Proposed Approach Breeders environment and priorities Farmers environment Farmers preferences Farmers priorities

C I M M Y T MR International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center Rationale for managed stress environments Evaluation of breeding germplasm under priority stresses and optimal conditions. => Better representation of the target environment A much larger number of genotypes can be evaluated (than is possible in farmers fields) => Larger genetic variance and selection intensity Target stress is uniformly managed => Heritability/repeatability is kept high Elements of breeding progress

C I M M Y T MR International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center To maximize breeding progress Maximize h * i *σ * r G h 2 = heritability i= selection intensity σ 2 = genetic variance r G = genetic correlation between selection and target environment (adapted from Falconer, 1989)

C I M M Y T MR International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center To maximize breeding progress Maximize h * i *σ * r G (P. Grudloymas drought nursery, Tak Fa, 2005)

C I M M Y T MR International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center 1.Applied researchers; breeders, agronomists, social scientists 2.NGOs working effectively in target areas 3.Highly motivated extension program representatives, with responsibility in target areas 4.Appropriate seed sector representatives Country Team Regional Collaboration?

C I M M Y T MR International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center Farmer-participatory Testing : Specific assessment of hybrid varieties by 146 Farmers (25 assessments per variety)

C I M M Y T MR International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center The Mother/Baby Trial Design Collaborative on-farm evaluation of maize cultivars New elite cultivars

C I M M Y T MR International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center Mother-Baby Trial results comparing 1. Yields from Mother Trials 2. Yields from Baby Trials 3. Farmers assessment

C I M M Y T MR International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center Farmers National extension services NGOs National Program scientists Rural schools Church groups Universities Private companies Partners for Participatory Trials in Southern Africa

C I M M Y T MR International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center A wide range of stakeholders are using this information Who? National agricultural research and extension programs, NGOs, private seed companies For what? Supporting release decisions Promotion of best varieties for seed production and extension Choosing varieties for community-based seed production and seed relief activities

C I M M Y T MR International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center Learning New Skills

C I M M Y T MR International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center Project Scope Must focus our efforts & resources Probably 1 or 2 areas per country Must build on existing partnerships, activities, germplasm Use existing resources & seek additional resources

C I M M Y T MR International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center Why Establish this Project? To achieve something we could not achieve individually What farmers grow today Stress tolerant Dr. Djoko Damardjati Dr. Tang Kaixue Dr. Artemio Salazar Dr. Manoom Pimklom Dr. Ngo Huu Tinh Asian Development Bank

C I M M Y T MR International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center Planning to Achieve Our Projects Objectives 1.Improved maize productivity through stress tolerance 2.Strengthened capacity for drought tolerance breeding 3.Strengthened maize research network What farmers grow today Stress tolerant

C I M M Y T MR International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center Steering committee China – (F. Xinming) Indonesia – (F. Kasim) Vietnam – (P. Hao) Philippines – (A. Salazar) Thailand – (P. Grudloyma) Planning to Achieve Our Projects Objectives