Using Information Technology Chapter 11 Information Systems

2 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Information Systems Information Management & Systems Development 11.1Organizations, Managers, & Information 11.2Computer-Based Information Systems 11.3Systems Development - The Six Phases of Systems Analysis & Design

Information Systems 3 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Organizations, Managers, & Information The flow of information within an organization - Horizontally - reflects functional areas Vertically - reflects management levels

Information Systems 4 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Departments Research and development (R&D) Production (operations) Marketing and sales Accounting and finance Human resources (personnel) Information systems (IS)

Information Systems 5 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Management Levels Top (or senior) managers - concerned with long-range, or strategic, planning and decisions Middle-level managers - make tactical decisions to implement the strategic goals of the organization Lower (supervisory) managers - make operational decisions - predictable decisions that can be made by following well-defined sets of routine procedures

Information Systems 6 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Types of Information Structured information - detailed, current, not subjective, concerned with past events, records a narrow range of facts, and covers an organizations internal activities Unstructured information - summarized, less current, highly subjective, concerned with future events, records a broad range of facts, and covers activities outside as well as inside an organization Semi-structured information - some structured information and some unstructured information

Information Systems 7 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Computer-Based Information Systems For lower managers - TPSs TPSs For middle managers - MISs and DSSs For top managers - ESSs For all levels, including nonmanagement – OASs, ESs, and Cooperative work systems An organization chart and management levels and responsibilities

Information Systems 8 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Transaction Processing System (TPS) TPS - a computer-based information system that keeps track of the transactions needed to conduct business Features include - For lower managers Produces detail reports One TPS for each department Forms the basis for MIS and DSS

Information Systems 9 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Management Information System (MIS) MIS - a computer-based information system that uses data recorded by TPS as input into programs that produce routine reports as output Features include - For middle managers Draws from all departments Produces several kinds of reports

Information Systems 10 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Decision Support System (DSS) DSS - a computer-based information system that provides a flexible tool for analysis and helps managers focus on the future Features include - For middle managers Produces analytic models Geographic DSS for earthquake insurance

Information Systems 11 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Executive Support System (ESS) ESS - an easy-to-use DSS made especially for top managers; it specifically supports strategic decision making Components of an ESS

Information Systems 12 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Office Automation System (OAS) OAS - combine various technologies to reduce the manual labor required in operating an efficient office and to increase productivity Office automation systems

Information Systems 13 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Expert System (ES) and Cooperative systems ES – is a set of interactive computer programs that help users solve problems that would otherwise require the assistance of a human expert Cooperative systems – organizations that have networks that use groupware to enable cooperative work by groups of people

Information Systems 14 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Systems Development - The Six Phases of System Analysis and Design System - a collection of related components that interact to perform a task in order to accomplish a goal Participants in a project involving a new system or changes to an existing one - Users Management Technical staff

Information Systems 15 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Six Phases of Systems Analysis & Design SDLC

Information Systems 16 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The First Phase - Conduct a Preliminary Investigation Objectives - 1. Conduct the preliminary analysis 2. Propose alternative solutions 3. Describe the cost & benefits 4. Submit a preliminary plan

Information Systems 17 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Second Phase - Do an Analysis of the System Objectives - 1. Gather data 2. Analyze the data 3. Write a report Data flow diagram

Information Systems 18 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Third Phase - Design the System Objectives - 1. Do a preliminary design 2. Do a detail design 3. Write a report

Information Systems 19 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Fourth Phase - Develop the system Objectives - 1. Develop or acquire the software 2. Acquire hardware 3. Test the system

Information Systems 20 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Fifth Phase - Implement the System Objectives - 1. Convert to the new system 2. Train the users

Information Systems 21 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Sixth Phase - Maintain the System Objective - To adjust and improve the system by having system audits and periodic evaluations and by making changes based on new conditions

Information Systems 22 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What type of manager makes operational decisions-- predictable decisions that can be made by following well-defined sets of routine procedures? Supervisory manager

Information Systems 23 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What is the term for a recorded event having to do with routine business activities? Transaction

Information Systems 24 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What is a mathematical representation of a real system called? Model

Information Systems 25 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What level of management is an ESS made especially for? Top or executive managers

Information Systems 26 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What is the term for the combination of various technologies to reduce the manual labor required in operating an efficient office environment? OAS (Office Automation Systems)

Information Systems 27 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What does SDLC stand for? Systems Development Life Cycle

Information Systems 28 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What are the six phases of the SDLC in order? Preliminary investigation 1. Systems analysis 2. Systems design 3. Systems development 4. Systems implementation 5. Systems maintenance

Information Systems 29 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check Which phase of the SDLC includes testing the system? The fourth phase - Develop the system

Information Systems 30 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What is the term for the process of using workstations, CASE tools, and other software applications to build working models of system components, so that they can be quickly tested and evaluated? Prototyping

Information Systems 31 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What is a schematic drawing showing the hierarchy of formal relationships among an organizations employees? Organization chart

Information Systems 32 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check Which phase of the SDLC involves converting to the new system? The fifth phase - Implement the system

Information Systems 33 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check Which method of conversion involves keeping the old and new systems operating side by side until the new system has shown it is reliable? Parallel implementation

Information Systems 34 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What is the term for the decision whether you have to create a program--have it custom-written--or buy it, meaning simply purchase an existing software package? Make-or-buy decision

Information Systems 35 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check Which type of testing looks at the performance of individual parts, using test data? Unit testing

Information Systems 36 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check Which phase of the SDLC includes user training? The fifth phase - Implement the system

Information Systems 37 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check Which method of conversion has the users simply stop using the old system and start using the new one? Direct implementation

Information Systems 38 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check Which type of manager is concerned with long-range, or strategic, planning and decisions? Top managers

Information Systems 39 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What type of information includes some structured information and some unstructured information? Semi-structured information

Information Systems 40 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check Which type of computer-based information system is intended primarily for lower managers? TPS (Transaction processing system)

Information Systems 41 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check Which type of computer-based information system uses models? DSS (Decision support system)