Perception

Perception: is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.

Factors Influencing Perception: 1.) Perceiver 2.) Target 3.) Situation

Person Perception: Making Judgments About Others

Attribution Theory Two Types of Causes: 1) Internal 2) External

Three Factors of the Attribution Theory: 1.) Distinctiveness 2.) Consensus 3.) Consistency

Self Serving Bias

Fundamental Attribution Error

Shortcuts in Judging Others: 1.) Selective Perception 2.) Halo Effect 3.) Contrast Effects 4.) Projection 5.) Stereotyping

Specific Applications in Organizations: 1.) Employment Interview 2.) Performance Expectations (Self Fulfilling Prophecy) 3.) Performance Evaluation 4.) Employee Effort

Perception & Individual decision Making 1 Top Managers 2Middle & Lower level 3Non Managerial Employees Decision making in Organizations 1Rational Decision making 2Bounded Rationality 3Intuition

Common Biases & errors in Decision Making 1 Over Confidence Bias 2Anchoring Bias 3Confirmation Bias 4Availability Bias 5Escalation of commitment 6Randomness error 7Winners curse 8Hindsight Bias

Influences on Decision Making: Individual Differences & Organizational Constraints 1)Individual Differences - Personality - Gender

2) Organizational Constraints - Performance evaluation - Reward System - Formal Regulations - System - Imposed Time Constraints - Historical precedents

Ethical Decision Making ? Ethical Decision Criteria: -Utilitarianism -Rights -Justice Improving Creativity in Decision making:-