BRIDGES Maria F. Parra November 3, 2001 Revised June 2003 SECME – M-DCPS Division of Mathematics and Science Education FIU

History of Bridge Development How Bridges Work Basic Concepts Types of Bridges Concepts Associated with Bridge Engineering Truss Analysis Tips for Building Bridges Bridge Construction Work Plan

700 A.D. Asia 100 B.C. Romans Natural Bridges Clapper Bridge Tree trunk Stone The Arch Natural Cement Roman Arch Bridge History of Bridge Development Great Stone Bridge in China Low Bridge Shallow Arch 1300 A.D. Renaissance Strength of Materials Mathematical Theories Development of Metal

First Cast-Iron Bridge Coalbrookdale, England 1800 A.D. History of Bridge Development Britannia Tubular Bridge 1850 A.D. Wrought Iron Truss Bridges Mechanics of Design Suspension Bridges Use of Steel for the suspending cables 1900 A.D A.D. Prestressed Concrete Steel 2000 A.D.

Every passing vehicle shakes the bridge up and down, making waves that can travel at hundreds of kilometers per hour. Luckily the bridge is designed to damp them out, just as it is designed to ignore the efforts of the wind to turn it into a giant harp. A bridge is not a dead mass of metal and concrete: it has a life of its own, and understanding its movements is as important as understanding the static forces. How Bridges Work?

Compression Tension Basic Concepts Span - the distance between two bridge supports, whether they are columns, towers or the wall of a canyon. Compression - a force which acts to compress or shorten the thing it is acting on. Tension - a force which acts to expand or lengthen the thing it is acting on. Force - any action that tends to maintain or alter the position of a structure

Basic Concepts Beam - a rigid, usually horizontal, structural element Pier - a vertical supporting structure, such as a pillar Cantilever - a projecting structure supported only at one end, like a shelf bracket or a diving board Beam Pier Load - weight distribution throughout a structure

Basic Concepts Truss - a rigid frame composed of short, straight pieces joined to form a series of triangles or other stable shapes Stable - (adj.) ability to resist collapse and deformation; stability (n.) characteristic of a structure that is able to carry a realistic load without collapsing or deforming significantly Deform - to change shape

To dissipate forces is to spread them out over a greater area, so that no one spot has to bear the brunt of the concentrated force. To transfer forces is to move the forces from an area of weakness to an area of strength, an area designed to handle the forces. Basic Concepts Buckling is what happens when the force of compression overcomes an object's ability to handle compression. A mode of failure characterized generally by an unstable lateral deflection due to compressive action on the structural element involved. Snapping is what happens when tension overcomes an object's ability to handle tension.

The type of bridge used depends on various features of the obstacle. The main feature that controls the bridge type is the size of the obstacle. How far is it from one side to the other? This is a major factor in determining what type of bridge to use. The biggest difference between the three is the distances they can each cross in a single span. Types of Bridges Basic Types: Beam Bridge Arch Bridge Suspension Bridge

Types of Bridges Beam Bridge Consists of a horizontal beam supported at each end by piers. The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers. The farther apart its piers, the weaker the beam becomes. This is why beam bridges rarely span more than 250 feet.

Forces When something pushes down on the beam, the beam bends. Its top edge is pushed together, and its bottom edge is pulled apart. Types of Bridges Beam Bridge

Truss Bridge Forces Every bar in this cantilever bridge experiences either a pushing or pulling force. The bars rarely bend. This is why cantilever bridges can span farther than beam bridges Types of Bridges

Arch Bridges The arch has great natural strength. Thousands of years ago, Romans built arches out of stone. Today, most arch bridges are made of steel or concrete, and they can span up to 800 feet. Types of Bridges

Forces The arch is squeezed together, and this squeezing force is carried outward along the curve to the supports at each end. The supports, called abutments, push back on the arch and prevent the ends of the arch from spreading apart. Types of Bridges Arch Bridges

Suspension Bridges This kind of bridges can span 2,000 to 7,000 feet -- way farther than any other type of bridge! Most suspension bridges have a truss system beneath the roadway to resist bending and twisting. Types of Bridges

Forces In all suspension bridges, the roadway hangs from massive steel cables, which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks, called anchorages, on both ends of the bridge. The cars push down on the roadway, but because the roadway is suspended, the cables transfer the load into compression in the two towers. The two towers support most of the bridge's weight. Types of Bridges Suspension Bridges

The cable-stayed bridge, like the suspension bridge, supports the roadway with massive steel cables, but in a different way. The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower, forming a unique "A" shape. Cable-stayed bridges are becoming the most popular bridges for medium-length spans (between 500 and 3,000 feet). Types of Bridges Cable-Stayed Bridge

How do the following affect your structure? Forces Loads Materials Shapes Lets try it: The bridge challenge at Croggy Rock: Interactive Page

Congratulations!

Pythagorean Theorem Basic math and science concepts Bridge Engineering a c b c 2 =b 2 +a 2

Basic math and science concepts Bridge Engineering Fundamentals of Statics F y = R 1 +R 2 -P = 0 F x = 0 F R1R1 R2R2 x y

Basic math and science concepts Bridge Engineering Fundamentals of Mechanics of Materials Modulus of Elasticity (E): E E= Stress Strain F/A L/L o = Where: F = Longitudinal Force A = Cross-sectional Area L = Elongation L o = Original Length LoLo F F

To design a bridge like you need to take into account the many forces acting on it : The pull of the earth on every part The ground pushing up the supports The resistance of the ground to the pull of the cables The weight of every vehicle Then there is the drag and lift produced by the wind The turbulence as the air rushes past the towers Basic math and science concepts Bridge Engineering

Basic math and science concepts Bridge Engineering Balsa Wood Information

Truss Analysis Bridge Engineering Structural Stability Formula K = 2J - R Where: K = The unknown to be solved J = Number of Joints M = Number of Members R = 3 (number of sides of a triangle) K Results Analysis: If M = K Stable Design If M < K Unstable Design If M > K Indeterminate Design

Truss Analysis Bridge Engineering Structural Stability Formula (Example) Joints J=9 Members M=15 K = 2 (9) – 3 = = M = K then The design is stable

West Point Bridge Software: Bridge Engineering Truss Analysis

Tips for building a bridge 1. Commitment - Dedication and attention to details. Be sure you understand the event rules before designing your prototype. 1)Draw your preliminary design 2)ALL joints should have absolutely flush surfaces before applying glue. Glue is not a "gap filler", it dooms the structure! 3) Structures are symmetric. 4)Most competitions require these structures to be weighed. Up to 20% of the structure's mass may be from over gluing.

Stresses flow like water. Where members come together there are stress concentrations that can destroy your structure. Here is a connection detail of one of the spaghetti bridges. The Importance of Connections

Tacoma Narrows Failure