1 3/9/2016 Human Performance and Limitations

2 Human factors What is a human factor? Pilot error! Human error! Accident investigation and its purpose Study of human factors

3 Aviation history Accidents and their effects - Tecnical advance - Procedures - MCC -Situational awareness - Automatisation - Pilot selection

4 Becoming a pilot Way of thought Attitude Training Study Airmanship

5 Human erron is not cused without a reason Hurry Stress Fatigue Unforseen circumstance Poor knowlage Poor comminication Unclear instructions Personal chemistry Intreference Interruptions Equippement malfunction Unclear interface

6 Compostion of the atmosphere Oxygen 21%, nitrogen 78%, ja 1% other gases (argon 0,93% Carbon monoxide 0,03%). Oxygen is the most important. A hoomin can survive a few minutes without oxygen. Standard atmosphere – Consived in 1964 – Air preassure 1013mb – Air dencity 1.225kg/m3 Difference of 27ft/mb – Temperature 15°C – Lapserate 1.98c/100ft

7 3/9/2016 Breathing We drawair in to the lungs using our diagprham In the lungs O2 moves from the air in to the blood and CO2 is romoved from blood Lung capasity is about 6L of witch 5L is usable Breathing rate at rest is about times a minute

8 3/9/2016 Blood circulation Arteries : – Deliver ox rich blood away from the heart – Largest arterie is the arorta, supplying blood the the heart it self as well as the rest of the body Veins: – Deliver deoxygeneted blood from tissues to the heart Heart: – The pump that is used to move blood around the body – Normal rate is about 70 times a minute and moves about 5L blood a minute

9 3/9/2016 Circulation

10 3/9/2016 Blood 4 components – Plasma The liquid – Red blood cells Transport o2 – White blood cells Defence against bacteria – Platelets Coagulation Blood preassure: – Two different preassures can be measured from blood. Diastole means when the the heart fills up with blood and systole when it empties – Normal limits are 100/60mmHg and upper limits to pilots are 160/90mmHgN

11 3/9/2016Matti Ekdahl Effects of flying on the body Effect of altitude: – If preassure decreases gas bubbles may form in the body causing, pain, incapasitation or even death. Divers disease/ The bends – At altitide preassure is lower but % of O2 is the same....risk of hypoksia

12 3/9/2016 Hypoksia The Silent Killer As alttitude is increased partial preassure of O2 is decreased At 18000ft partial preassure of O2 in the lungs is only 50mmHg and at 20000ft-25000ft partial preassure is only 35mmHgleading ot LOC First signs of hypoksia occur at about 8000ft, loss on night sight, small mental problems. Healthy individulas can compensate loss of O2 to about 12000ft, the risk os hypoksia grows rapidly. T Hypoksia is insidious and the victim need to know the symptoms well to be able to react to it Symptoms – Poor concentration – Poorn judgement, euforia – sleepynes – dizzyness – Poor muscle control – Getting blue (cyanosis)

13 3/9/2016 Stuff that aid the onset of hypoksia: – workload – cold – sickness – fatigue – Medicine, drugs, alcohol – smoking!!! A smoker breaths in CO thats weakens O2 affinity to red blood cells. A heavy smoker can get hypoksia at 6000ftT Blood donation eases onset of hypoksia Time of useful conciousness – t ft – 5-10min 30000ft – 45s-1,25min 40000ft – 12-15s

14 3/9/2016 Hyperventilation Hard to tell from hypoksia, if you dont know witch, treat as hypoksia In hyperventilation the patients breathing has increased without fysiological reason (work). The person gets too mutch O2, level of Co2 decreases and arteries clode down to compensate for it leading to LOC-> back to normal – Symptoms: dizzyness, tingling in the fingers and toes, vision imparement, cold waves, impared performance, LOC

15 3/9/2016 Affects of loading Increased G force will cause blood to pool in the lower extremities A human can stand very large linear loads for a short time Continuous +3,5 will start to cause problems. – Grey out – Tunnel vision – Blackout – G-loc Can be helped wit breathing and g pants Negative G is harder on the human. Even -3G will cause pain and small blood wessels to pop in the head. Red out

16 3/9/2016 Lens bends the light to the retina – When looking far away the lens is think – When looking close the lens is thick Rods and cones absorbe the light and enable vision Rods see motion not colour. Night sight Cones see coulur and are used for accurate vision Field of view is about 120deg side to side and 150 up and down. In both case the face limits the field Sereograpich vision is about 60 deg Sharp vision only about 1 deg At night Cones adapt ina avout 7 min, cones take up to half an hour Cones are suceptible to small wave lenghts, that is why is is easy to see blue light s at nigh Night vision is impared by even the smalles amount of hypoxia

17 3/9/2016 Eye sight

18 3/9/2016 Errors in sight Clour blindness. A genetic flaw that disables a person from differentiating colours. Men 7% of pop, women only 0,1%. Myopia. Hypermettrofia, Presbyopia age sight Can be corrected, even for pilots Glaucoma, too mutch preassure in the eye, is untreated will lead to blindness Flash blindness

19 3/9/2016 Spatial disorientation, A human gets disorientaded when information conflicts itself Vision is the most important sence. If it is missing disorientation is very possible Things causing disorientation are – VMC -> IMC – Flying visually in bad weather – Aerobatics – Turning your head – Llack of experience – Linear accel

Visual illusions Linear visual illusion – Up/down sloping runway Black hole approach Autokinetic illusion

21 3/9/2016 How to prevent accidents caused by illusions? – Trust your instruments!!! They are not affected by illusions – Avoid rapid head movements – Know them

22 3/9/2016 Hearing and the ear

23 3/9/2016 Outer ear – Stuff you see Middle ear – Bones in the ear Inner ear – Balance, hearing A human can hearbetween 20Hz – 10000Hz and the ear hears best between 750Hz – 3000Hz Less than 90dB wont cause loss of hearing. Over 90dB will cause temporary loss of hearing.120dB can cause discomfort,. 140dBcauses painand at 160dB loss of hearing As a person ager hearing is degraded, first the high freqs Ear

24 3/9/2016 Motion sickness Caused by mixed infromation to the sences Symptoms, vomiting hyperventilating, cold sweat Can be treated but not accepted for pilots You can get used to it Closing eyes can help, so does consentration on the mission Drinking makes it worse

25 3/9/2016 Health in aviation Sleep enough, do sports, eat well Mental well being is important in aviation. Dont bring problems from home to work Never self medicate without consulting a aviation doctor

26 3/9/2016 Take passangers medical problems seriously. – Help them, give tasks, increase ventilation, tell them what you are going to do

27 3/9/2016 Toxic hazards Air planes contain hazardous materials. Heater can cause carbonmonoxide

28 3/9/2016 Performance Human memory forms a bottleneck in infromation precessing. A human can ole think about one thing at a time. About 70% of infromation is gotten via the eyes Reaction to aural stimuli is faster but not aaccurate A lot of comminication is body language. Not so in radio traffic. Speach is suceptible to mis understandings Wrong interpretation can be caused by : – Bad radios – Multiple possible interpretations (descend to 750ft, descend 2750ft) – Ambiguity (similar call signs ) – Amount of infromation – language

29 3/9/2016 Memory Short term memory can hold up to 7 things for seconds. Limits infromation gathergin. Long ATC clearence Combining can help....A familiar freq is only one thing not six – Write down and read back Selvitysten ym. kirjaaminen tarkasti ja takaisinlukeminen kirjoitetusta voivat auttaa muistamisessa. Työmuisti sisältää tiedon siitä mitä tietoisesti juuri sillä hetkellä ajattelee.

30 3/9/2016 Stress Hightened arousal Can be fysical or mental Both good and bad things cause stress Best perforance is achived with a little stress

31 3/9/2016 Short time effects : – Increased heart rate – Dialated pupils – Increased rate of breathing – Blood rushes from the stomac to the brain Effects of long time stress. : – Head ache – moodchanges – anxiety – sleeplelessness – Memory loss

32 3/9/2016 Attitudes of a pilot Ideal pilot is a person who is mission orientated and authoritary Stable Six dangerous attitudes – Anti authority – impulsiveness – Invunerability – Over ego – Submissiveness – Smugness

33 3/9/2016 Risk management Most important is situational awareness. – Use as many scourses of information as possible – Dont jump to conclusions – Maintain a 3D model of where the ac is – Know the status of the ac