Zharylgap Sanat

The creator of the first successful system for the exchange of information by radio waves (radiotelegraphy) in some countries was the Italian engineer Guglielmo Marconi (1896). However, Marconi, like most authors of major inventions, had predecessors. In Russia, "the inventor of radio" is A. Popov, who created in 1895 a practical radio receiver. In the United States, this is considered Nikola Tesla, patented in 1893 radio transmitter, and in 1895 the receiver; His priority before Marconi was recognized in court in In France, the inventor of wireless telegraphy for a long time was considered to be the creator of the co-ordinator (Branly's tube) (1890) Eduard Branly. In England, in 1894, the first to demonstrate a radio broadcast and radio reception at a distance of 40 meters inventor of the coherer (Branly's tube with a shaker) Oliver Joseph Lodge. The first inventor of the methods of transmitting and receiving electromagnetic waves (which for a long time were called "Hertzian Waves Waves") is the very discoverer, the German scientist Heinrich Hertz (1888).

Marchese Guglielmo Marconi Date of Birth: April 25, 1874 Place of Birth: Bologna, Italy Citizenship: Italy Date of death: July 20, 1937 A place of death: Rome, Italy

Date of Birth: March 4, 1859 Place of Birth: Village of Turinsky Mines Date of death: December 31, 1905 A place of death: St. Petersburg Citizenship: Russia Scientific field: Physics Known as: Inventor of radio

Date of Birth: July 10, 1856 Place of Birth: Smilany village, Gospic, Austrian empire (now - in Croatia) Date of death: January 7, 1943 A place of death: New York, USA Citizenship: Austria-Hungary, France, United States Scientific field: Physicist, mechanical engineer, electrical engineer Place of work: Europe, USA

Was born on February 22, 1857 Hamburg, Germany Died Jan. 1, 1894 Bonn, Germany Location Germany Nationality German Profession Physicist and Electronic Engineer He graduated from the University of Munich University of Berlin Academic Advisor Hermann von Helmholz Known due to electromagnetic radiation

Mahlon Loomis, an American dentist, stated that he had discovered a method of wireless communication. Communication was carried out by means of two electric wires raised by two kites, one of them with the breaker was the radio transmitter antenna, the second one - the radio antenna, when the circuit of one wire disconnected from the ground, the arrow of the galvanometer in the circuit of the other wire deflected Loomis stated that he repeated his experiments with representatives of the US Congress, sending signals for a distance of 22.5 km.

Loomis received the world's first patent for wireless communications. Although President Grant signed a law on the financing of Loomis's experiments, funding was never disclosed. Unfortunately, no reliable data on the nature of Loomis's experiments, nor on the drawings of his apparatus, survived. The US patent also does not contain a detailed description of the devices used by Loomis David Hughes, when working with an induction coil, discovered the effect of electromagnetic waves; However, later colleagues convinced him that it was just an induction German physicist G. Hertz proved the existence of electromagnetic waves. Hertz with the help of a device, which he called a vibrator, carried out successful experiments on the transmission and reception of electromagnetic signals over a distance and without wires

physicist and engineer Eduard Branly in France invented a device for recording electromagnetic waves, he called the radio- conductor (later - coherer). In his experiments, Branly uses antennas in the form of wire segments. The results of Eduard Branly's experiments were published in the Bulletin of the International Society of Electricians and the reports of the French Academy of Sciences Nikola Tesla (St. Louis, Missouri, USA) during the lectures publicly described the principles of transmitting a radio signal over long distances Tesla patents the radio transmitter and invents a mast antenna, which in 1895 transmits radio signals for a distance of 30 miles.

Between 1893 and Roberto Landell de Mora, a Brazilian priest and scientist, conducted experiments on the transmission of radio signals. Their results, he did not disclose until 1900, but subsequently received a Brazilian patent Marconi, in his memoirs, influenced by the ideas of prof. Riga, expressed in the obituary of Hertz's memory, begins experiments on radiotelegraphy (originally - with the help of a vibrator Hertz and co- ordinator Branly) [12]. However, no written evidence of the time, which could confirm the experiments of Marconi conducted in 1894, is not available.

August 14, the first public demonstration of experiments on wireless telegraphy by Oliver Lodge and Alexander Mirhed at a lecture at the Theater of the Museum of Natural History of Oxford University. During the demonstration, the radio signal was sent from the laboratory in the nearby Clarendon building and received by the apparatus in the theater (40 meters). The radio receiver invented by the Lodge ("Device for detecting the reception of electromagnetic waves") contained a radio conductor - the "Branly tube" with a shaker, Coherer, current source, relay and galvanometer; To shake the coherer in order to periodically restore its sensitivity to the "Hertz waves", either an electric bell or a spring spring mechanism with a hammer-hook was used.

May 7, 1895 at a meeting of the Russian Physico- Chemical Society in St. Petersburg, Alexander Stepanovich Popov is giving a lecture "On the relationship of metallic powders to electrical vibrations," in which, reproducing the experiences of Lodge with electromagnetic signals, demonstrated a device similar in general to the fact, Which was previously used by Lodge. In this case, Popov contributed to the design improvements. In Popov's radio, the hammer, which shook the coherer (Branly's tube), worked not from the clock mechanism, but from the radio pulse [3]. Contemporaries Popov recognized that his design was a device that was later used for wireless telegraphy. [13] Popov himself adapted the device to capture atmospheric electromagnetic waves, called "thunderstorm".

Summer of Marconi is trying to transmit a radio signal for 1.5 km. However, no documents have confirmed this. September according to some statements, Popov attached a telegraph to the receiver and received a telegraph record of the received radio signals. [14]. However, there is no documentary evidence of Popov's experiments with radiotelegraphy until December 1897 (that is, before the publication of the patent and reports on the successful experiments of Marconi) [3]. [4] The version about the transmission of Popov's radiogram before Marconi was invented by VS Gabel