ASEPSIS Done by: Matmuratov R. 313-group

Six Components in the infectious cycle Infectious Agent Bacteria – Categorized acc to shape Spherical (cocci) Rod shaped (bacilli) Corkscrew (spirochetes) Gram Positive-thick wall that resists decolonization and are stained violet Gram Negative chemically more complex cell walls and can be decolonized by alcohol Important in determining antibiotics

Antibiotics are either… Effective against only gram positive organisms or Broad spectrum and can be effective with a # of microorganisms

Bacteria Aerobic: require O 2 to live and grow Anaerobic can live without O 2

VIRUS Smallest of all organisms Causes many infections including AIDS, and the common cold

FUNGI Plant like organism (mold and yeast) that can also cause infection. Present in soil, air and water. Many are resistant to TX

Organisms Potential to cause disease depends on – # or organism – Virulence of the organism – Competence of persons immune system – Length of intimacy of the contact – Normal flora – microorganism that commonly inhabits various body sites – Opportunistic – Bacteria that may potentially be harmful Escherichia coli stool not in urine

RESEVOIR The natural habitat of the organism=m Possible reservoir – human, animals, food, water, mile, inanimate objects Example.. – Humans –HIV – Animals – rabies – Soil – gas gangrene, tetanus

PORTAL OF EXIT The exit from the reservoir. Point of escape for the organism Example – respiratory tract, GI, GU, Skin breaks, blood, tissue

MEANS OF TRANMISSION DIRECT CONTACT INDIRECT CONTACT VEHICLES-BLOOD, FOOD, WATER, INANIMATE OBJECTS VECTORS – NON HUMAN- MOSQUITOS, TICKS AIRBORNE ROUTE- BY NUCLEI-COUGHING, SNEEZING

PORTAL OF ENTRY May be the same as the portal of exit from the prior reservoir Point where it enters the host

SUSEPTIBLE HOST ACCEPTS THE ORGANISM SUSCEPTIBILITY – HOW SUSCEPTIBLE IS THE HOST TO THE ORGANISM

Stages of Infections Incubation-the interval between the invasion of the body by the pathogen & the appearance of S/S Prodromal Stage – most infectious – early S/S of the disease but are vague and non specific Full Stage Illness – the presence of specific S/S Convalescent Period – recovery for the infection S/S disappear

Bodys Defense Against Infection Inflammatory Response-protective mechanism that eliminates the invading pathogen Immune response-involves specific reaction in the body as it responds to an invading foreign protein – antigen-foreign material body initiate s an immune response – Antibody-body produces antibody in response to antigen

Factors that affect the risk of infection Intact skin and mucous membranes Normal ph of gastric and GU WBC Age, sex, hereditary factors Immunization Fatigue Nutrition Preexisting illnesses Previous or current TX Stress Invasive devices

Assessing Immunization status Previous or recurring infections Nonverbal cues Hx of current disease process labs

Diagnosing High risk for infection Social Isolation Altered oral mucous membrane

Implementing Medical Asepsis- clean technique-reduces the # of pathogens Surgical Asepsis – Sterile technique – practices used to render and keep objects and areas free from organisms Breaking the chain of infection is the nurses responsibility

Preventing Nosocomial Infections Nosocomial – hospital acquired – Exogenous infections –causative organism is acquired from other people – Endogenous infections – the causative organism comes form microbial life the person himself harbors – Iatrogenic – occurs as a result of a TX or diagnostic procedure. – Most hospital acquired infection from bacteria E-coli, staph aureus, strep

Strategies to protect the patient Infection control committees Written infection prevention practices Hand washing Healthy lifestyles

Hand washing 2 types of bacteria on hands – Transient bacteria – Resident bacteria

Cleaning Agents Antiseptic – inhibits the growth of bacteria Antibacterial – kill bacteria or suppresses their growth AKA -antimicrobial

Sterilization and Disinfection Disinfection – destroys all pathogenic organism except spore Sterilization – The process by which all microorganisms including spores are destroyed

Factors in Selecting Method Nature of Organism Number Type of equipment Intended use of equipment Available means of sterilization

Universal Precautions Recommended HCWs to use gloves, gowns, mask, and protective eyewear when exposure to blood or body fluids is likely and to consider that all clients might be potentially infected. Blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and possibly breast mil, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, pleural fluid, peritoneal fluid, pericardial fluid, amniotic fluid.

Do not include Feces, nasal secretions, sputum, sweat, tears, urine, and vomitus, unless they contain visible blood