Психология межкультурной коммуникации

Зачем? В глобальном мире НЕОБХОДИМО владеть навыками межкультурной коммуникации. Успех в жизни и бизнесе зависит напрямую от крепких связей с иностранными коллегами, партнерами, клиентами и друзьями. Культурная компетенция – предмет обязательного тренинга для любого специалиста, работающего в межкультурной и межнациональной среде.

Плюсы тренинга межкультурной коммуникации 1. Развивает самосознание. 2. Повышает уверенность в себе. 3. Разрушает барьеры в общении 4. Способствует росту доверия. 5. Мотивирует. 6. Открывает горизонты 7. Развивает полезные умения и навыки. 8. Развивает умение слушать 9. Способствует карьерному росту.

План лекции 1.Цели и задачи межкультурной психологии 2.Межкультурная психология и другие науки: Этническая психология, антропология, сравнительная культурная психология. 3.Термины и понятия межкультурной психологии. 4.Методология межкультурной психологии 5.История развития межкультурной психологии. 6.Современное состояние межкультурной психологии, основные ученые

Определение Межкультурная психология изучает специфические психологические функции, параметры и законы в кросс-культурной перспективе с учетом культурных универсалий. Межкультурная психология - наука, которая исследует сходства и различия в психологии индивидов, принадлежащих к различным культурным и этническим группам, а также связи между психологическими различиями и социо- культурными, экологическими и биологическими особенностями.

Другие определения 1992 Берри Кросс-культурная психология Кросс-культурная психология изучает сходства и различия в индивидуальном психологическом функционировании различных культурных и этнических групп, отношения между психологическими и социокультурными, экологическими и социологическими переменными; а также современные изменения этих переменных.

Цели психологии межкультурной коммуникации Проверка психологических теорий, основанных на фактах, полученных в одной культуре, и применение их к другой культуре Изучение этнических и психологических характеристик различных культур Интеграция данных, полученных при исследовании разных культур для создания универсального психологического подхода, который будет корректным для большинства культур мира Создание метатеорий на высоком философском уровне

Задачи психологии межкультурной коммуникации Изучение: Способов представления картины мира в ценностях и представлениях людей; Национального культурного самосознания и его отражения в культурно-обусловленных способах мышления и поведения; Роли вербального и невербального общения в кросс- культурных контактах; Основных принципов кросс-культурной коммуникации; Эффективных способов разрешения кросс-культурных конфликтов; Процессов культурной адаптации; Формирования культурной и национальной идентичности; Взаимодействия культурных стереотипов и ценностей

Аспекты кросс-культурных исследований Культурные переменные (различия и универсалии) Биологические переменные (питание, генотип,физиологические процессы) Экологические переменные (адаптация к окружающей среде, плотность населения )

Универсалии в науках Биология – основные потребности, еда, сон, секс Социология– типы отношений: семья, друзья, землячество, государство, армия Лингвистика – грамматика, фонетика, словарь Антропология – обычаи (рождение, свадьба, похороны) и социальные институты (правительство, суд, брак, образовательная система)

Межкультурная психология и другие науки Антропология Общая психология Культурная психология Культурная антропология Этнология Этнография Культурология Лингвокультурология Социолингвистика

Области взаимопересечения Антропология изучает человека в его физическом и социальном аспектах Психология Psychology studies mechanisms of psyche underlying human behavior Ethnology theoretically compares contemporary cultures and studies their history Ethnography is a practical and descriptive study of world cultures Sociolinguistics studies the role of language in shaping human society

Major terms and notions Culture Identity Mentality National character Picture of the world Ethnos Nation People Race Civilization

Culture the acquired knowledge people use to interpret experience and generate behaviour a highly developed state of perfection arts, beliefs, customs, inventions, language, technology and traditions. a people's whole way of life, simple or complex is a system of building identity

Nation a large group of people with strong bonds of identity Synonym to a state: a politically organized body of people under a single government; "the state has elected a new president"; "African nations the people who live in a nation or country; "the news was announced to the nation territory or country as political entity or a grouping of people who share real or imagined common history, culture, language or ethnic origin, often possessing or seeking its own government

In the strict sense, terms such as "nation," "ethnos," and "people" denote a group of human beings. The concepts of nation and nationality have much in common with ethnic group and ethnicity, but have a more political connotation, since they imply the possibility of a nation-state. Country denominates a geographical territory whereas state expresses a administrative and decision-making institution.politicalnation-state The English word "nation" comes from the French word "nation" (itself derived from the Latin term natio) (nātĭō, stem nātiōn-), meaning:EnglishwordLatinnatio The action of being born; birth; or The goddess personifying birth; or A breed (like a dog), stock, kind, species, race A tribe, or any set of people As an example of how the word natio was employed in classical Latin, consider the following quote from Cicero's Philippics in 44 BC. Cicero contrasts the external, inferior nationes ("races of people") with the Roman civitas ("community")CiceroPhilippics44 BC

Identity Ones own self that emerges in process of intercourse with other individuals Identity involves: a link between the personal and the social; being the same as some people and different from others, as indicated by symbols and representations; We differentiate between gender, age, race/ethnic, geographic, class, status, economic identities

Identity" refers to either (a) a social category, defined by membership rules and characteristic attributes or expected behaviours (b) socially distinguishing features that a person takes a special pride (c) personal characteristics or attributes Personal identity deals with questions that arise about ourselves by virtue of our being people Many of these questions are familiar ones that occur to everyone at some time: What am I? When did I begin? What will happen to me when I die?

Miscellaneous concepts Mentality - a collective characteristic mindset that determines how a body of individuals react to situations and others not of their set People - a body of persons living in the same country under one national government; a nationality Civilization is the cooperation of large groups of people not only to survive but to maximize comfort and productivity; a society in an advanced state of social development Ethnos - people of the same race or nationality who share a distinctive culture National character – human characteristics that are common or standardised in a given society, modal personality structure

RACE local geographic or global human population distinguished as a more or less distinct group by genetically transmitted physical characteristics. A group of people united or classified together on the basis of common history, nationality, or geographic distribution: the German race. A genealogical line; a lineage. Humans considered as a group Race is a division of a species that differs from other divisions by the frequency with which certain hereditary traits appear among its members. The physical features commonly seen as indicating race are salient visual traits such as skin color, body or facial features and hair textureskin colorfacial featureshair texture

Picture of the world (PW) c G.Getz and M.Plank –physical PW is the result of world science development 20 c in philosophy: PW is the result of all spiritual activity of a man which emerges in the course of his interaction with the environment, conceptual PW is a system of knowledge about the world In linguistics: dates to Humboldts idea that language is the reflection of cultural PW and the theory of linguistic relativity (Sapir and Worf)

Intercultural communication Intercultural, cross-cultural, transcultural and countercultural (communication) – communication of language personalities that belong to different linguistic and cultural communities. As a science, it is an interdisciplinary and applied realm of knowledge

Methodology of intercultural psychology Principle of determinism (S.L.Rubinstein 1930s) Activity approach (A.N.Leontiev) Cultural and historical development (L.S.Vygotsky) Principle of interiorization (E.Durkheim and J.Piaget) Informational theory of ethnos

Genesis of intercultural psychology 1748 David Hume essay Of National Characters and Treatise of Human Nature, Johann Herder Ideas upon Philosophy and the History of Mankind and Treatise on the Origin of Language (1772) 1836 Wilhelm von Gumboldt The Heterogeneity of Language and its Influence on the Intellectual Development of Mankind 1859 H. Steintal and M. Lazarus Völkerpsychologie 1894 Gustave le Bon The Psychology of Peoples 1896 The Crowd: the study of the popular mind

PERSONAE of intercultural psychology 1895 Russia I.Yandzhul From Peoples Psychology 1910 F. Boas, M. Mead, R. Benedict – US school Culture and Personality studying models of culture, specifics of thought, behavior and emotions in different cultures Gustav Shpet Ethnic Psychology course in Moscow State University 1920s Leo Vygotsky transethnic analysis of psychic activity of representatives of primitive and developed cultures 1925 Bogarduss scale to measure ethnic prejudice 1939 A.Cardiner and R.Linton basic personality structure After World War 2, Germany - Gestalt psychology Durkheim and Levi-Brul in France study specific forms of human consciousness and their mediation via cultural symbols

History of intercultural psychology 1946 USA anthropologist Edward Hall became the Director of the International Service Institute 1958 book by E.Hall and D.Tragir Culture as Communication first mentions the term intercultural communication 1959 E.Hall «Silent Language», where he explains the links between culture and communication The 1960s - intercultural communication is a course in US school and university curricula 1961 – D.Barkov, Le Vin – psychological anthropology

Hallmarks of cross-cultural research 1973 – 1125 personalities in Directory of Cross- cultural Research and Researchers International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology (1972) Society for Cross-Cultural Research(1972) Journal of Cross-Cultural psychology(1970) Ethos (1972) International Journal of Intercultural Relations (1978)

Modern state of intercultural psychology Testing of psychological theories based on the facts obtained in one culture and applying them to facts in another culture Whitings-1968,Dowson-1971,Seagull-1990 Research into ethnic and psychological characteristics of different cultures Berry, Deysen1974 Linguistic picture of the world: Gachev, Shmelev and Apresyan USA: Triandis, Brislin, Gudykunst GB: Peabody, Yagoda Netherlands: Hofstede, Trompenaars Russia: Bromley, Arutyunian, Drobizheva, Soldatova, Lebedeva,Kochetkov Ukraine: Gnatenko, Pavlenko, Stefanenko

The field of inter-cultural communication focuses on interactions between people of different cultures. It is an exciting field that continuously invites us to reflect on our own lives and our relationship with each other on this earth.