Лекция 05 Роль внешних и внутренних факторов в агрегации одноклеточных эукариотических организмов с образованием колониальных подобий многоклеточных организмов.

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Лекция 05 Роль внешних и внутренних факторов в агрегации одноклеточных эукариотических организмов с образованием колониальных подобий многоклеточных организмов Лекции А. П. Перевозчикова

За специфическую клеточную структуру одноклеточной водоросли Acetabularia ответственны генетические детерминанты

За морфологию одноклеточной водоросли Acetabularia ответственны генетические детерминанты, локализованные в ядре

Свободные и колониальные одноклеточные эукариотические организмы в капле воды из пруда 50 m

Жизненный цикл колониальной одноклеточной эукариоты миксамёбы Dictiostelium discoideum

Дифференцировка клеток в популяции обеспечивается за счет обмена сигналами между клетками и за счет контактных взаимодействий клеток (избирательной агрегации)

Факторы, контролирующие дифференцировку Dictyostelium

Хемотаксис амёб к центру колонии в результате распространения спиральных волн цАМФ

В основе агрегации клеток Dictyostelium лежат взаимодействия белковых молекул на поверхности (гликопротеинов) и действие секретируемого клетками специфического фактора дифференцировки

цАМФ, Ca-ион, DIF-1 играют роль соответственно в агрегации клеток и дифференцировки их на клетки ножки и споры Dictyostelium

Жизненный цикл слизевика – одноклеточного организма (амёбы) Dictyostelium discoideum Spores (n) Emerging amoeba Solitary amoebas (feeding stage) ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Fruiting bodies Aggregated amoebas Migrating aggregate SYN GA MY MEIOSIS SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Zygote (2n) Amoebas 600 µm 200 µm Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) In the feeding stage of the life cycle, solitary haploid amoebas engulf bacteria. In a favorable environment, amoebas emerge from the spore coats and begin feeding. Spores are released. Other cells crawl up the stalk and develop into spores. The aggregate migrates for a while and then stops. Some of the cells dry up after forming a stalk that supports an asexual fruiting body. The resistant wall ruptures, releasing new haploid amoebas. The zygote becomes a giant cell (not shown) by consuming haploid amoebas. After developing a resistant wall, the giant cell undergoes meiosis followed by several mitotic divisions. During sexual repro- duction, two haploid amoebas fuse and form a zygote When food is depleted, hundreds of amoebas congregate in response to a chemical attractant and form a sluglike aggregate (photo below left). Aggregate formation is the beginning of asexual reproduction

Другие колониальные одноклеточные эукариоты

Колониальные и многоклеточные водоросли Volvox, a colonial freshwater chlorophyte. The colony is a hollow ball whose wall is composed of hundreds or thousands of biflagellated cells (see inset LM) embedded in a gelatinous matrix. The cells are usually connected by strands of cytoplasm; if isolated, these cells cannot reproduce. The large colonies seen here will eventually release the small daughter colonies within them (LM). (a) Caulerpa, an inter- tidal chlorophyte. The branched fila- ments lack cross-walls and thus are multi- nucleate. In effect, the thallus is one huge supercell. (b) Ulva, or sea lettuce. This edible seaweed has a multicellular thallus differentiated into leaflike blades and a rootlike holdfast that anchors the alga against turbulent waves and tides. (c) 20 µm 50 µm

Колонии Volvox

Volvox Flagella

Бесполое размножение вольвоксовых

Половое размножение вольвоксовых

Филогения эукариот по некоторым современным данным молекулярной биологии и генетики Diplomonads Parabasalids Kinetoplastids Euglenids Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Ciliates Oomycetes Diatoms Golden algae Brown algae Chlorarachniophytes Foraminiferans Radiolarians Gymnamoebas Entamoebas Plasmodial slime molds Cellular slime molds Fungi Choanoflagellates Metazoans Red algae Chlorophytes Charophyceans Plants Ancestral eukaryote Chlorophyta Plantae Rhodophyta Animalia Fungi (Opisthokonta) (Viridiplantae) Diplomonadida Parabasala Euglenozoa Alveolata Stramenopila Cercozoa Radiolaria Amoebozoa