UNIVERSAL TRANSFORMERS OF LIGHT FREQUENCY IN THE SPACE AND ON THE EARTH Methods of frequency-transformation: 1. Nonlinear effects; 2. Doppler effect; 3. Ritz effect. Semikov S.A., Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Russia Reducer as mechanical analog of optical frequency-transformer Electromagnetic spectrum

Well-known m Well-known methods of frequency-transformation 1.Nonlinear effects: generation of second and other upper optical harmonics; parametric effects; Raman effect; phase self-modulation; generation of THz-beams and attosecond pulses, etc. 2.Doppler effect: λ'=λ(1+V r /c) or f '=f/(1+V r /c)

Suggested method of frequency-transformation 3. Ritz effect: λ'=λ(1+La r /c 2 ) or f '=f/(1+La r /c 2 ). Difference in speeds of light from the accelerating source would increase interval between wavefronts and increase the wave-length: t=t+L/(c– v )–L/c t(1+La r /c 2 ); λ=ct=λ(1+La r /c 2 ); f =1/t=f/(1+La r /c 2 ). Walter Ritz ( ) The Ballistic Theory of Ritz, 1908 According to the ballistic model, light in addition to velocity C gets the velocity V of the light-source, like projectile from airplane. Two signals, which were emitted by accelerating source with delay t, arrived to detector with delay t.

Ritz effect in outer space В 1920-х гг. Цурхелен и Ла Роза предсказали большие спектральные сдвиги в космосе от эффекта Ритца. Imaginary variation of temperature of the variable stars ( Cephei type) Cosmological Red-shift of rotating galaxies as the primary and direct result of Ritz effect were found from well-known galaxy parameters

Space transformers of light frequency Radio-wave sources: Radio galaxies, Quasars, Pulsars X- and -ray sources: X-ray pulsars, Black holes, Bursters Typical spectrum of pulsar pulse is similar to spectrum of blackbody with temperature about T10 -3 K. Such spectrum can be a direct result of transformation of star optical radiation (f Hz) to radio-wave radiation (f 10 9 Hz) by means of Ritz effect (if the acceleration a of star produced f/f=(1+La/c 2 )10 7 ). According to Wien law T/f max =const and it will decrease calculated temperature of star from T10 4 K to T10 -3 K (by a factor of 10 7 ). Typical spectrum of burster burst is similar to spectrum of blackbody with temperature about T7 · 10 7 K. Such spectrum can be a direct result of transformation of star optical radiation (f Hz) to X-ray radiation (f Hz) by means of Ritz effect (if the acceleration a of star produced f /f=1/(1-La/c 2 )10 4 ). According to Wien law T/f max =const and it will increase calculated temperature of star from T10 4 K to T10 8 K (by a factor of 10 4 ).

Ritz effect in a laboratory Transformation of frequency measured by means of Mossbauer effect Bömmel experiment: transformation of -rays frequency emitted by accelerating source Red shift from the source fixed on the rotational disk Pound and Rebka experiment: red shift in gravity field

Application of Ritz effect for smooth, effective and all-wave frequency transformation Frequency transformation by means of Doppler effect λ'=λ(1+V r /c) will be effective, when the speed of source V r c=3·10 8 m/s. Frequency transformation by means of Ritz effect λ'=λ(1+La r /c 2 ) will be effective in laboratory (L~1 m), when the acceleration of source a r =c 2 /L 9·10 16 m/s 2. Such accelerations for electrons, ions and nanoparticles are easily realizable without high-power accelerators: for electron in field E we have ma=F=eE, therefore a=Ee/m, where e/m=1,76·10 11 Q/kg. Thus sufficient field is E~10 6 V/m, or for ions – E~10 9 V/m. Such fields are easily realizable, for example in fast current pulses, or in beam from femtosecond LASERs. We also can accelerate electrons, atoms and nanoparticles without special electric equipment, only by means of laser emission, which not only transforms after reradiation from particles, but also gives acceleration to these particles by means of light pressure.

Universal transformer of light frequency Ritz transformer of frequency will be useful for effective transformation of laser light radiation (optical band) into direct radiation of any other wave band (radio-, microwave, THz-, IR-, UV-, X- or -rays), with the possibility of smooth frequency variation, according to free length L and intensity of electric field E.

References: 1. Крюков П.Г. Фемтосекундные импульсы. М.: Физматлит, Ландсберг Г.С. Оптика. М.: Наука, Bömmel H.E. Measurement of the frequency shift of gamma rays in accelerated systems using the Mässbauer effect. Mossbauer effect, Ld. 1962, p. 229– Семиков С. БТР и картина мироздания. Н.Новгород: ПРЕСС-КОНТУР, Физика космоса: Маленькая энциклопедия. М.: Советская энциклопедия, Справочник необходимых знаний. М.: РИПОЛ КЛАССИК, Семиков С. Преобразование электромагнитных волн в поле ускорений. Сборник трудов конференции по радиофизке, ННГУ, 7 мая 2010 г. 8. Бонч-Бруевич А.М. Сергей Иванович Вавилов в моей жизни // УФН 171, (English translation is available: Elyashevich M A, Kembrovskaya N G, Tomilchik L M "Walter Ritz as a theoretical physicist and his research on the theory of atomic spectra" Phys. Usp –455 (1995)) 9. WEB site: (Ritz original articles in German is available). 10. WEB site: WEB site: (site of Ekkehard Friebe, Munich). 12. WEB site: (articles of Halton Arp, Munich). 13. Ельяшевич М.А. и др. Вальтер Ритц как физик-теоретик и его исследования по теории атомных спектров // УФН 165, 1995, 4. (English translation is available: Bonch-Bruevich A M "Sergei Ivanovich Vavilov in my life" Phys. Usp –1036 (2001)). 14. Martínez Alberto A. Ritz, Einstein, and the Emission Hypothesis // Physics in perspective. 6 (2004) 4– M. La Rosa. Neur Beitrag zur ballistischen Theorie der "veräanderlichen sterne.", Astronomische Nachrichten, 234, 235, (1929). 16. M. La Rosa. Addiert sich die Geschwindigkeit des Lichtes zu derjenigen der Lichtquelle? Dafür sprechende Beweise aus den Phänomenen der "veränderlichen Sterne", Physik. Zeitschr., 21, 333, (1924).

Изменение длин волн света и искривление световых лучей в поле тяготения Солнца Простое объяснение релятивистских эффектов по эффекту Ритца