Prof. Dr. Petra Stykow Цветные революции Colour(ed) Revolutions.

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Prof. Dr. Petra Stykow Цветные революции Colour(ed) Revolutions

Sharp, Gene: From Dictatorship to Democracy. The Albert Einstein Institute, In Russian: Egypt, January 2011

Две интерпретации: Цветные революции (1)«демократический прорыв» в режимах «компетитивного авторитаризма» – массовая мобилизация против манипуляций на выборах («stolen elections») > результат: демократизация; возможно: новый универсальный путь к демократии в условиях современности (McFaul, Bunce, Wolchik etc.) (2)кризис воспроизводства режима как следствие нормального функционирования системы «патронального президентства» > результат: ? (Hale)

демократия - это "институциональная система принятия политических решений, в которой люди получают власть (…) в результате конкурентной борьбы за голоса народа" Joseph Alois Schumpeter (1942) I Concepts: Democracy II Democracy is a system in which parties lose elections. Democracy is a system of ruled open- endedness, or organized uncertainty Adam Przeworski (1991)

демократия «компетитивный авто- ритаризм» (competitive authoritarianism) Авторитаризм (closed regime*) Status of core democratic institutions (elections, civil liberties) Systematically respected Widely viewed as the only route to power Exist and are meaningful, but systematically violated in favor of incumbent; Widely viewed as primary route to power Non-existent or reduced to façade status; not viewed as a viable route to power Status of opposition Competes on more or less equal footing with incumbent Major opposition is legal and able to compete openly, but disadvantaged by incumbent abuse, harassment Major opposition banned or largely underground or in exile Level of uncertainty HighSome uncertainty, incumbent often sweat Low Types of Political Regimes Levitsky, Steven; Way, Lucan A. (2006): Competitive Authoritarianism: The Emergence and Dynamics of Hybrid Regimes in the Post- Cold War Era. * traditional autocracy, (post-)totalitarian regime etc.

electoral revolution Attempts by opposition leaders and citizens o to use elections, o sometimes in combination with political protests, o to defeat illiberal incumbents or their anointed successors; o to bring liberal oppositions to power; and o to shift their regimes in a decidedly more democratic direction (Bunce, Valerie J.; Wolchik, Sharon L., 2006: International Diffusion and Postcommunist Electoral Revolutions. In: Communist and Post-Communist Studies, (39): 283–304, p. 284).

Когда? Где? Сербия (2000), Грузия (2003), Украина (2004), Kиргизия (2005) Неудачные попытки: Молдова (2005), Монголия (2005), Беларусь (2006), Россия (2011/12)?

electoral path to democracy: Семь факторов, ведущие к цветной революции Trigger:stolen elections Components of Weakened Autocratic Power (1)Competitive authoritarianism (2)Regime unpopularity (3)Unreliable coercive capacity Components of Increased Democratic Power (1)United and effective opposition (2)Exposure of fraud (3)Independent media (4)Popular mobilization to protect the vote

Belarus

Cистема патронального президентства (1)президентская власть, которую президент получает в результате регулярных прямых выборов, на которых имеется хоть какая-то возможность голосовать не за действующего президента; (2)этот президент располагает очень большими формальными полномочиями по сравнению с другими ветвями власти; (3)президент располагает также широким набором неформальных полномочий, основанных на отношениях «патрон клиент» на стыке государственной власти и экономики. = политический институт, как таковой не представляет собой отдельный тип политического режима (cм. «демократия», «автократия») он может существовать в самых разных политических условиях, от явно автократического правления (cм. Каримов) до относительно либеральной политической среды (cм. Шеварднадзе)

Bibliography McFaul, Michael (2007): Ukraine Imports Democracy: External Influences on the Orange Revolution, in: International Security 32(2), S Hale, Henry E. (2006): Democracy or Autocracy on the March? The Colored Revolutions as Normal Dynamics of Patronal Presidentialism, in: Communist and Post-Communist Studies 39, S Beissinger, Mark R. (2007): Structure and Example in Modular Political Phenomena: The Diffusion of Bulldozer/Rose/Orange/Tulip Revolutions, in: Perspectives on Politics 5(2), S Bunce, Valerie J.; Wolchik, Sharon L. (2006): International Diffusion and Postcommunist Electoral Revolutions, in: Communist and Post-Communist Studies 39(3), S Stykow, Petra (2010): Bunte Revolutionen – Durchbruch zur Demokratie oder Modus der autoritären Systemreproduktion?, in: Politische Vierteljahresschrift (51)1, S

Revolutions are -rapid changes in the institutions of government, -carried out by non-institutional means, and -usually with the support of popular groups mobilized for demonstrations, local revolts, guerilla warfare, civil war, mass strikes, or other revolutionary actions. Goldstone, Jack A. (2009): Revolution. In: Landman, Todd (Hg.): The SAGE Handbook of Comparative Politics. Los Angeles, S. 319–347, hier: S. 319.