Лекция 9 Институциональная теория прав собственности.

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Лекция 9 Институциональная теория прав собственности

Что из себя представляют права собственности? 1) Права пользования 2) Права извлечения дохода 3) Права передачи и обмена Владение PR 1 Владение PR 1 Распоряжение PR 2 Распоряжение PR 2 Пользование PR 3 Пользование PR 3

Права собственности и экономическая теория Неоклассическая теория основывается на предпосылке хорошо определенных и хорошо защищенных прав собственности Рональд Коуз: права собственности связаны с издержками, поэтому вопрос выбора и защиты прав собственности имеет существенные экономические последствия

Государство как механизм принуждения к соблюдению прав собственности Because of the states power, its capacity and willingness to create, enforce, or change existing rights determines a large part of the success or failure of an economy

Откуда берутся права собственности? Наивная теория прав собственности Изменение технологий Изменение системы внешних эффектов Спрос на спецификацию прав собственности со стороны агентов, занимающихся производственной деятельностью

Эволюция прав собственности Наивная теория прав собственности Изменение технологий Изменение системы внешних эффектов Спрос на спецификацию прав собственности со стороны агентов, занимающихся производственной деятельностью

Модель Андерсона - Хилла

Сравнительная статика

Золотая лихорадка США Начальные условия Политика государства Результаты Австралия Начальные условия Политика государства Результаты

Характеристики наивной теории Эволюция прав собственности обуславливается изменениями - в относительных ценах - в производственных технологиях - в технологиях защиты Соотнесение предельных выгод и предельных издержек Эффективность формирующихся прав Пассивность государства Формальное закрепление реально сложившихся прав собственности Ограничения, связанные с «неучастием» государства: относительно простые правила + небольшое количество участников

Example: Resource Conflict The work of Libecap on the development of mineral rights and grazing rights in the U.S. shows how a lot of rights that emerged in the undeveloped parts of the Western USA emerged as demand for those goods developed. Rights were adjusted to take into account high enforcement costs and sparsely populated lands. Libecap, Gary D. "Property rights in economic history: Implications for research."Explorations in Economic History 23.3 (1986):

Почему хорошие права собственности столь редки? Высокая вероятность возникновения конфликтов Не всегда максимизируется общественное состояние Политические силы не всегда заинтересованы в развитии (за пределами минимального экономического роста) = Бедность, бедность, и еще раз бедность…

Идея нового институционального подхода Any organization such as the state which is powerful enough to promote and maintain property rights leading to voluntary exchange is powerful enough to abuse those rights

Гоббс vs. Смит Make or Take Как решается проблема достоверности обязательств? Почему структура (лицо), наделенное политической властью, должно действовать в интересах общества?

States That are Too Strong If A Ruler Must be Obeyed It is Harder for Him to Make Credible Commitments Anyone strong enough to promise something like private property cannot be trusted to maintain it in the future without competition or other constraints For example, sovereign borrowing

Example: Rent Control Fixing the maximum price that a flat can be rented is a transfer of rights from the owners to existing renters But in the long run this tends to hurt most renters especially those entering the market after the law is created Disincentives to invest in flats, to improve them, or to build new ones Use of non-monetary discrimination to pick tenants

Tying the Kings Hands A sovereign that is known to have constraints on its ability to borrow and spend is going to find it easier to borrow and spend when it tries to do so. The more likely people are to be repaid, the more they will willingly lend Think of loans but also rights, paper money, and long term government promises

Worst Case: Tragedy of the Commons (на следующей лекции!) Even Worse Case: Violent Disorder The fear of violence and chaos leads people to accept leaders who can maintain order Sometimes those leaders extract rents that offset most of the gains of order. (e.g. Mafia) The worse the threat of violent conflict the more people accept dictators

Democratic States Can Spend and Save More If we successfully constrain states through rules, votes, and constitutions it is easier to trust in the state to tax and spend for the public good Most successful welfare states are often well- functioning governments in homogeneous societies such as Japan or Denmark But homogeneity has costs Republican rules are designed to limit governmental power while preserving democracy