> О НЕОБХОДИМОСТИ ПРЕОДОЛЕТЬ СВОИ СОБСТВЕННЫЕ ИЗНАЧАЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕДПОСЫЛКИ В НАУКЕ Michele Rivkin-Fish University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Department.

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> О НЕОБХОДИМОСТИ ПРЕОДОЛЕТЬ СВОИ СОБСТВЕННЫЕ ИЗНАЧАЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕДПОСЫЛКИ В НАУКЕ Michele Rivkin-Fish University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Department of Anthropology

Моральное Оправдание Аборта в США– Права на Приватной жизни Roe v. Wade Решение, Верховный суд США, 22 января 1973: Конституционное право на неприкосновенность частной жизни гарантирует право женщин, с консультации ее врача, решить, чтобы сделать аборт.

Моральное Оправдание Аборта Выбор женщины- голос женщины! Голосуйте за выбор Американские национальные ценности Этическая ценность личной автономии (выбор) Тело- это частная собственность каждого человека

ПРОТИВНИКИ легализации аборта Оправдания– Религиозные (католики и протестанты) Аборт- грех, убийство Человеческая жизнь начинается от момента зачатия Политика защиты жизни как таковой (politics of life itself) Главная цель- криминализация аборта

Стратегии противников Легализации Пытаются убедить женщин, чтобы сохранить беременность. Пикетирование клиники (делегитимация процедуры) Насилие в отношении клиник и врачей, которые делают аборты

Annual March on Washington, for Womens Right to Choose 150,000 людей ежегодно участвуют в акции, чтобы продемонстрировать их убеждение, что аборт должен быть легально, и что женщина имеет право определить свою судьбу.

Главные Американские организации которые защищают права на аборт Planned Parenthood: non-profit clinics & lobbying: abortion, contraception, and general health care Planned Parenthood NARAL (National Abortion Rights Action League) Pro- Choice America: Lobbying Organization NARAL (National Abortion Rights Action League) Pro- Choice America National Abortion Federation: Lobbying Organization of Abortion Providers National Abortion Federation National Organization for Women: General advocacy for women National Organization for Women

Легальный аборт- способ предупреждении материнской смертности IPAS- работает на международном уровень > NARAL Pro-Choice America >

Моя антропологическая задача преодолеть свои собственные изначальные предпосылки Чтобы понять значимость и политику аборта в России

Российская ассоциация «Планирование семьи» (РАПС) Создана в 1991 году при поддержке Правительства РФ Наша миссия Cохранение репродуктивного здоровья молодежи, женщин и мужчин, воспитание ответственного отношения к себе, своему здоровью, созданию семьи, рождению детей. Мы хотим, чтобы каждый ребенок был желанным и любимым и, конечно, здоровым. Мы отстаиваем международно признанное право каждого человека, каждой семьи на свободное и ответственное родительство.

Opposition to Abortion Campaign, 1990s Political Alliance: Church Leaders: On Moral Grounds Nationalists & Pronatalists: On Demographic Grounds: Reverse Low Fertility Restrictions on Access 2003, 2007 Patriarch Kirill at Moscow Demographic Summit, 6/2011

2011: Proposed Restrictions & New Requirements Inspired by anti- abortion movement in the US Mobilized Russias First Public Abortion Access Movement

Fight Abortion, Not Women For Free Motherhood! Sign the petition to defend Russians Reproductive Health & Reproductive Rights

A Child Must Be Wanted Were Against Abortion

> Парадоксальное для Американских Pro-Choice Criticizes the use of abortion for fertility control; Challenges the idea of abortion as enabling bodily autonomy; Implicitly advocates for alternatives to abortion (i.e., Contraception); Does not criticize state efforts to persuade women against abortions (invasion of privacy).

Understanding Russian Cultural Approaches to Abortion & Family Planning What does Russias approach to defending abortion access teach International Family Planning & American organizers for Womens Reproductive Rights?

Shifting Soviet Policies on Abortion 1920 Abortion Legalized Labor Force Mobilization 1936 Abortion Criminalized To Increase Fertility 1954 Abortion Legalized To Stem Maternal Mortality Contraception Not Widely Promoted or Made Easily Available M. Rivkin-Fish Fall 09

Establishing the Soviet Abortion Paradigm States Goal of Increasing Fertility Led to Contradictory Policies: Legalization (1955) to prevent maternal mortality from unsafe abortions; Yet fight against abortion by advocating childbearing: Minimal info about pregnancy prevention Oral contraceptives de facto banned as dangerous hormones ABORTION BECOMES MAIN METHOD OF FERTILITY CONTROL

Russias Contraception Revolution, Market Reforms Contraceptive Imports Abortion Clinics Remade as F.P. Clinics Explosion of New Sources of Information (media, internet)

Steadily Declining Abortion Rate YEAR No. of Abortions per 100 Live Births (reported)

1990s: Sexual Revolution Sudden explosion of sexually explicit material in public Democracy often equated with Pornography & loss of moral order

Cases of Syphilis per 100,000

New HIV Infections (reported)

Decreasing Total Fertility Rate YEAR Fertility Rate YEAR ** M. Rivkin-Fish Fall 09

2006: Childbearing Propaganda & Econ Incentives Maternity Capital: $10,000 in vouchers for women giving birth to a 2 nd or 3 rd child. M. Rivkin-Fish Fall 09

Reviving Motherhood: A Public Landscape of Pronatalism Statue in Honor of Pregnant Women, Zelenograd, Russia

A Public Landscape of Pronatalism Minsk, Belarus

A Public Landscape of Pronatalism Mama Tiumen, Russia

Proliferating Anti-Abortion Messages Abortion does not annul your pregnancy. It makes you the mother of a dead child.

Reviving Motherhood- Opposing Abortion Slovakia, 2009; Image widely reproduced on Russian internet One Russian site added a story: IM AFRAID!!! Я БОЮСЬ!!! МАМА! Theyre cutting off my foot!!! It hurts me a lot! Mommy, Im too small to defend myself!!! Defend me, Mommy, I beg you… Tell them to stop!!! I swear, Ill be good. I wont move around in your tummy! How can someone treat me this way?! МАМА! I wont be able to hold on any longer! Mommy, help me. They are killing me! Мама!!!!!!! A few years later… the image on the sculpture: Мама, you didnt let me live, but… you are my only mama. Mommy, from here, in the heavens, I see your pain from your decision. Please dont cry any more. Know that I love you and I am waiting for us to meet...

Russian Anti-Abortion Lobbying Ella Alexandrovna Pamfilova, Commissioner for Human Rights, Stand for Up the Fast, Stand Up for Children! Recognize the right to life for those still unborn, and still not killed by abortion…

From Family Planning to Pregnancy Planning The Symbol of the Rowan Bunch Emphasizefamily values Reproductive Rights: right of each person, each family to free and responsible parenthood

Historical Traces in the Present Backlash VS. Sexual Revolution of 1990s + Moral Panic of Fertility Decline Has led Abortion Access Advocates to Endorse Opposition to Abortion Pregnancy Planning Nationalism & Pronatalism Intertwined

Russian Struggles for Abortion Access Carry Along Soviet History… Navigating the protection of abortion access While cautiously invoking global discourses on Rights & Health