GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE: REALITIES, UNCERTAINTIES AND MEASURES Presentation by: Olzhas Tasmagambetov Sayazhan Tlemissov Article by: A.P. Aizebeokhai CST Covenant University, Nigeria International Journal of Physical Sciences v

CONTENT 1. Rationale {} 2. Introduction 3. Evidences of global warming from independent measurements 4. Possible measures 5. Conclusions 6. References

RATIONALE Global warming and climate is changing is real increasing concentration of atmospheric greenhouse gases due to human activities exponential increase in surface temperature of the earth and the global sea The earth's atmosphere creates natural greenhouse effect which keeps the earth's surface warmer than it would have been otherwise Its greatly affecting the biosphere cutting down of forest for agricultural purposes and urbanization are substantially increasing the concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere Also the burning of fossil fuels, industrial activities

Global warming and climate change Changes in the atmosphere and sea level Changes in the atmosphere and sea level Human activities – any activity that releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere Human activities – any activity that releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere INTRODUCTION

Aim To take appropriate measures that would control and stabilize global warming Problem Some have argued that such actions to curb global warming and climate change are too premature and are not cost effective. Situation Surface of the earth has warmed by an average of 1.0°C (1.8°F) in the last 100 years The mean sea level rose by about 18 cm in the last century Changing of climate zones Object The governments of industrialized nations Current situation, problems, aims, objects of research

General scheme of changing climate

the surface of the earth has warmed by an average of 1.0°C (1.8°F) in the last 100 years sea level rose by about 18 cm in the last century and is currently rising at the rate of about 3.4 mm per annum the thermal history of the earths subsurface is also changing Surface temperature, sea level, snow cover

Sea level rise ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

Borehole temperature

ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS Air temperature

ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS Carbon Emissions and CO concentration

ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS Human-Produced Greenhouse Gas Levels

ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS Rise population and human developing index

ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS Possible measures to effectively control global warming and climate change Improving energy conservation Make effiective as well as the production and efficient utilization of non-fossil fuels Reduce the excessive energy consumption in developed countries Establish of stringent standards for power plants Stimulate the growth of phytoplankton that uses carbon dioxide to synthesis their food Planting more trees

CONCLUSION Governments should provide a combination of targets and timetables, efficiency regulations and arrays of market-based incentives that would encourage businesses to make the necessary investments on the reduction of greenhouse gases emissions Award of research grants to research institutes and researchers working on global warming Use a fuel- efficient car and driving less; living closer to place of work and walking or riding a bicycle; to reduce heating during cold weather and cooling during hot weather; using compact fluorescent light bulbs and/or tubes, and energy-efficient home appliances; planting trees and shrubs around homes; Solutions To effectively control and stabilize the effects of global warming and climate change would require the integration of global commitments good public leadership initiatives as well as individual actions Global population growth should be brought under control reduce excessive energy consumption The creative talents of engineers and scientists should be harnessed and challenged to improve energy efficiency and the use of non-fossil fuel so as to reduce the dependency on fossil fuels Research results

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