With Nadezhda Timofeeva Chemical Engineering. e b f l s m Know Our Team. Tleuhanov D. Bogdanov A.Insapova A.Mosolov K.Rakhmanov Nadezhda Timofeeva Zuikov. - презентация

1 with Nadezhda Timofeeva Chemical Engineering

2 e b f l s m Know Our Team. Tleuhanov D. Bogdanov A.Insapova A.Mosolov K.Rakhmanov Nadezhda Timofeeva Zuikov A.A Rakhmanov Rakhmanov A.Markov V. Ismailov E.

3 e n g l i s Centrifugal and reciprocating compressors basics and application. h Introduction Compressor is used to increase the pressure of air from low pressure to high pressure by using external energy

4 Objective Describe the two types of compressors and their typical application Explain the types of compressors Discribe how to work compressors Discuss about centrifugal and reciprication compressors w hat you will learn

5 e b f l s m Two compressor Portfolio Gasses can be compressed in the following ways: Reciprocating piston compressors Rotating centrifugal compressors Reciprocating piston compressors Rotating centrifugal compressors Low flow rates High compression ratios High flow rates Low compression ratios Several centrifugal stages may be used to obtain higher compression ratios

6 Types of air compressors Reciprocating or piston compressor Rotary sliding vane compressor Centrifugal compressorRotary screw compressor Compresses gas using a piston which is driven inside in a reciprocal way. The gas or the air enters and is stored in a pressurized cylinder Later, the gas or is released through valves. Widespread use, many applications Gas is accelerated outwards by rotating impeller Comprises a cylinder that is placed inside a water jacketed cylinder. The rotor forces the air against the wall thereby compressing the air and releasing it afterwards. This type of compressor uses 2 rotors Function of air compressors Air is compressed and stored inside the air receiver. The function of the air compressor is to reduce volume and induce pressure in the compressed air. The main function of the compress is to convert electric energy into kinetic energy.

7 e b f l s m Classification of air compressor Your Title

8 How to work compressors THE COMMONLY USED SOURCES ARE: Direct electricity (direct motor coupling) Steam / Water Industrial oils /Compressed air Reciprocating compressor Press to play Centrifugal compressor Press to play

9 How to work compressors THE COMMONLY USED SOURCES ARE: Direct electricity (direct motor coupling) Steam / Water Industrial oils /Compressed air Reciprocating compressors Reciprocating compressors are the most widely used type of compressors. In these compressors, air compressed by the action of a piston in a cylinder with one-way valves and pumped into an air chamber (see figure). Subtypes of Reciprocating Compressor Depending on the machine configuration and geometry, these compressors are available as horizontal, vertical, horizontal opposed-balanced and tandem compressors

10 How to work compressors THE COMMONLY USED SOURCES ARE: Direct electricity (direct motor coupling) Steam / Water Industrial oils /Compressed air Reciprocating compressors Reciprocating compressors are the most widely used type of compressors. In these compressors, air compressed by the action of a piston in a cylinder with one-way valves and pumped into an air chamber (see figure). Subtypes of Reciprocating Compressor Depending on the machine configuration and geometry, these compressors are available as horizontal, vertical, horizontal opposed-balanced and tandem compressors Depending on the capacity, these compressors can have single or multiple cylinders, and can be single-acting or double-acting. These compressors can be lubricated with oil or non-lubricated. Non lubricated machines have higher specific power consumption (kW/cfm) as compared to lubricated types.

11 How to work compressors THE COMMONLY USED SOURCES ARE: Direct electricity (direct motor coupling) Steam / Water Industrial oils /Compressed air Depending on the number of compression stages, there are single stage or multi stage compressors. In multi stage compressors, air is cooled in between a stage of compression with the help of an intercooler. Two-cylinder, two-stage reciprocating compressor

12 How to work compressors THE COMMONLY USED SOURCES ARE: Direct electricity (direct motor coupling) Steam / Water Industrial oils /Compressed air Multi stage compressors have the following features over single stage compressors: Higher discharge temperature of air Lower specific power consumption for same pressure differential Higher investment costs for applications with high discharge pressure (>7 bar) and low capacities (<25cfm). Reduced pressure differential across cylinders, reducing load on the compressor components, thereby increasing life of the machine. Depending on the method of cooling, they are classified as air cooled and water cooled. Single cylinder compressors are generally air cooled, while multi cylinder compressors are generally water cooled. Water cooled systems are more energy efficient than air cooled types.

13 How to work compressors THE COMMONLY USED SOURCES ARE: Direct electricity (direct motor coupling) Steam / Water Industrial oils /Compressed air Centrifugal air compressors: Centrifugal compressors use a rotating disk or impeller in a shaped housing to force the gas to the rim of the impeller, increasing the velocity of the gas. A diffuser (divergent duct) section, also called plenum, converts the velocity energy to pressure energy, hence we get air at high pressure (see figure). They are primarily used for continuous, stationary service in industries such as oil refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants and natural gas processing plants. They are generally single stage machines, but with multiple staging, they can achieve high output pressures (>69 MPa). The centrifugal air compressor is an oil free compressor by design. The oil lubricated running gear is separated from the air by shaft seals and atmospheric vents. Its a continuous output machine.

14 e b f l s m How to select an appropriate compressor When choosing a compressor, the parameters of suitability are generally the range of capacity of free air delivery, and the working pressure. The general selection criterion for compressors is given by the National Bureau of Energy Efficiency, as follows: Capacity and pressure ranges for types of compressors

15 e b f l s m Working range of various compressors

16 e b f l s m Basic Antisurge Control System The antisurge controller UIC-1 protects the compressor against surge by opening the recycle valve Opening of the recycle valve lowers the resistance felt by the compressor, This takes the compressor away from surge The essence of the surge protection is to determine when and how much to open or close the recycle valve Surge description Flow reverses in 20 to 50 milliseconds Surge cycles at a rate of 0.3 s to 3 s per cycle Compressor vibrates Temperature rises Whooshing noise Trips may occur Conventional instruments and human operators may fail to recognize surge

17 e b f l s m Some surge consequences Unstable flow and pressure Damage in sequence with increasing severity to seals, bearings, impellers, shaft Increased seal clearances and leakage Lower energy efficiency Reduced compressor life

18 e b f l s m Performance control Also called: Throughput control Capacity control Process control Can be based on controlling: Discharge pressure Suction pressure Net flow to the user Notes All controllers are coordinating control responses via a serial network

19 glossary Air Regulator Used to control the amount of pressure received from the tank. Check ValveEnsures the air flows in one direction Cubic Feet Per Minute (CFM)Cubic feet per minute is the amount of air (volume) being delivered by the compressor to the tool. AftercoolersDesigned to reduce the temperature and liquefy condensate vapors. Desiccant A material used with air compressors and air dryers that helps to remove water vapor from the air. Drain CockUsed to release accumulated moisture from the compressor tank (Also see drain valve). Reciprocating CompressorA reciprocating compressor uses pistons driven by a crankshaft to deliver air at high pressure. Rotary Screw CompressorA compressor which utilizes two intermeshing helical rotors to trap a volume of air, then compress it to a higher pressure. Rotary screw compressors can be run at lower temperatures for 24 hours per day, 365 days a year. Single Stage CompressorA single stage compressor has one or more cylinder. Two-Stage CompressorA two-stage compressor always has a minimum of two cylinders. Dew pointThe temperature at which the vapor in a space (usually water vapor if not otherwise specified) at a given pressure will begin to condense (form dew). ExhausterTerm sometimes applied to a compressor in which the inlet pressure is less than atmospheric. A vacuum pump is an exhauster. Capacity The amount of air flow delivered under specific conditions, usually expressed in cubic feet per minute (CFM). Horsepower, BrakeHorsepower delivered to the output shaft of a motor or engine, or the horsepower required at the compressor shaft to perform work. Inlet PressureThe actual pressure at the inlet flange of the compressor typically measure in PSIG. Leak An unintended loss of compressed air to ambient conditions. Load TimeTime period from when a compressor loads until it unloads. Load/Unload Control Control method that allows the compressor to run at full-load or at no load while the driver remains at a constant speed. Piston DisplacementThe volume swept by the piston; for multistage compressors, the piston displacement of the first stage is the overall piston displacement of the entire unit.

20 vocabulary ENGLISHRUSSIAENGLISHRUSSIA Piston (reciprication)поршневойData Example in this area VSD(Variable Speed Drive) Устройство регулирования скорости Data Example in this area VSDS (various speed drive system) Система приводов с регулируемой скоростью Data Example in this area Suction headerВсасывающее соплоData Example in this area Load sharingПередача нагрузкиData Example in this area viaЧерез/ посредствомData Example in this area LeakageУтечка/ потеряData Example in this area

21 1.Introduction 2.Compressor is used to increase the pressure of air from low pressure to high pressure by using external energy 3.Explain the types of compressors 4.Discribe how to work compressors 5.Discuss about centrifugal and reciprication compressors 6.Two compressor 7.Reciprocating piston compressors 8.Rotating centrifugal compressors 1.Low flow rates 2.High compression ratios Annotation Curabitur vestibulum consequat urna et vehicula. Suspendisse feugiat biben- dum egestas. Sed bibendum urna id sem tincidunt commodo. Donec at dictum lectus. Fusce felis tellus, volutpat quis venenatis non, adipiscing quis orci.

22 Annotation Curabitur vestibulum consequat urna et vehicula. Suspendisse feugiat biben- dum egestas. Sed bibendum urna id sem tincidunt commodo. Donec at dictum lectus. Fusce felis tellus, volutpat quis venenatis non, adipiscing quis orci.