Рецепторы ауксинов – экстра- или внутриклеточные? 1. ABP1? Около 22 кDa. У кукурузы – 5 генов. На N-конце -сигнал для транспорта в ЭР(38 а-к), на С-конце.

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Роль «биологических часов» в жизни растения a. The expression of several genes shows circadian rhythms. The genes encoding the light-harvesting chlorophyll-a/b-binding.
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Рецепторы ауксинов – экстра- или внутриклеточные? 1. ABP1? Около 22 кDa. У кукурузы – 5 генов. На N-конце -сигнал для транспорта в ЭР(38 а-к), на С-конце – КDEL, на N- конце – сайт связывания с ИУК: His-Arg-His-Ser-Cys-Glu. Сайт гликозилирования (Asp 33 -Thr-Thr), До 90% белка - в ЭР. 2. Транспортеры ИУК? Транспортеры ИУК в клетку (4 гена - AUX1 и др.) из клетки (8 генов – PIN1, PIN2 и др). 3. ABP 60 kDa ? Гликозидаза цитокининовых конъюгатов. Взаимодействие фитогормонов? 4. ABP kDa? Глютатион-5-трансфераза (GST). GST контролирует уровень глютатиона, влияет на уровень жасмонатов, перекиси водорода. Множественность рецепторов? ИУК – особый гормон: специфичный полярный транспорт (от клетки к клетке), эндогенный ритм образования и транспорта.

Система трансдукции ауксинового сигнала: AUX/IAA - ARF. Aux/IAA – белки образуют разнообразные димеры как между собой, так и с ARF. Разные димеры регулируют транскрипцию генов с AuxRE (Auxin-respons element - TGTCNC). Димеры Aux/IAA – активируют, Aux/IAA+ARF – тормозят. Ауксин одновременно активирует транскрипцию Aux/IAA и их распад путем убиквитирования и деградации в 26S протеросоме. Aux/IAA – семейство (более 25) короткоживущих ядерных ауксин-индуцируемых белков. ARFs - Auxin-respons factor (ауксиновые факторы транскрипции). Более 20 белков.

Рецепторы АБК – экстра- или внутриклеточные? Рецептор - ? Скорее всего их несколько. Гипотезы: 1. Рецептор – ионный канал. АБК может непосредственно влиять на текучесть мембран. Ее структура похожа на токоферол. 2. Экстра - и внутриклеточные рецепторы. Есть кандидаты (JIM19, SYR1, RPK1), но не более. Система трансдукции сигнала: ABI1: серин-тренинговая протеин- фосфатаза, 434 а-к, имеет Са 2+ - связывающий участок. ABI2 – 80% гомологии с ABI1. Гены-мишени: сдержат ABRE или ABRC (АБК-регулируемый элемент или комплекс). В промоторной области - G-бокс, обычно с последовательностью ACGT.

Про рецептор гиббереллинов почти ничего не известно… Рецептор гиббереллинов пока неизвестен, однако есть данные что их рецепция тесно связана с их синтезом, катаболизмом и транспортом Трансдукция гиббереллинового сигнала: участвуют транс- факторы Myb-типа. В генах-мишенях: в просторной области (-289) - GARE или GARC GARE: часто UTAACAUANTCYGG (N – A/G, Y – C/T) GARC: три участка: пиримидиновый (-171), TAACAAA- и TATCCAC (-115)

BRI1: LRR-RLK - рецептор брассиностероидов LRR-RLK: leucine rich repeat receptor-like kinase - группа RLK, у Arabidopsis более 170 генов. LRR участок - из повторяющихся лейцин- обогащенных фрагментов из 24 а-к. На N-конце – «лейциновая молния» BRI1 - в плазмалемме, экстрацеллюлярный домен из 25 неполных RLL. Между 21 и 22 повторами - «остров» из 70 а-к, связывание брассиностероидов. На С-конце – киназный домен, автофосфорил- мелирование после связывания с BL.

Брассиностериоды – система рецепции и трансдукции сигнала

За рецепцию красного света отвечают фитохромы, синего - криптохромы и фототропины

Системы фоторецепторов тесно взаимодействуют

Принцип работы фитохрома

Фитохром и спектры его поглощения

Структура апопротеина фитохрома

Спектры поглощения фитохромов А и В

Фитохромы – основная система фоторецепторов клетки

Структура фототропина и криптохрома. Фототропин: 120 kDa В плазмалемме. Криптохромы: Cry1 – 190 a-к, в темноте в ядре, на свету – в цитозоль Cry2 – 120 а-к. Постоянно в ядре. PHR – photolyase related domain LOV - light, oxygen, voltage domains (PAS- domains). DAS domain: DQXVP-acidic-STAES Птерин, флавин (ФМН)

Фтототропин-Phy3 – «гибридный» фоторецептор Adiantum.

Схема строения фоторецепторов и их взаимодействие

Роль «биологических часов» в жизни растения a. The expression of several genes shows circadian rhythms. The genes encoding the light-harvesting chlorophyll-a/b-binding proteins (Lhcb or CAB) and nitrate reductase (NIA2). The clock coordinate the metabolism to maximize photosynthetic yields. b. Cytosolic concentrations of free calcium to oscillate with a circadian rhythm in Arabidopsis c. The clock regulates the phosphorylation of some proteins. Circadian activity of a kinase that phosphorylates phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase (Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi) d. chloroplast movement (Arabidopsis); e. stomatal opening (Arabidopsis); f. hypocotyl elongation (Arabidopsis): g. cotyledon and leaf movements (Arabidopsis): h. petal opening (Kalanchoe): i. synchronizing developmental processes such as flowering time. Mutations in all the putative clock-associated genes cause altered photoperiodic control of flowering..

Компоненты системы «биологических часов» Components of a circadian system. This simple model includes an input pathway (from light and/or temperature) to a circadian oscillator. The oscillator generates signals that are transduced via output pathways to produce overt circadian rhythms (output). The output is depicted as two idealized rhythms (red and green lines) with different phases. Yellow and grey boxes represent light and dark (diurnal) intervals, respectively. Under diurnal conditions, the period of the oscillator (the time between comparable points in the repeating cycle) matches the period of the entraining cycles. Under constant onditions, the clock oscillates with an endogenous period close to 24 h. Amplitude is half the distance between the peak and trough.

В циркадных ритмах могут работать несколько осцилляторов.

Молекулярная модель эукариотического циркадного осциллятора a. General scheme showing the core feedback loop central to eukaryotic circadian oscillators. Paired positive elements (CLOCK and CYC in Drosophila, WC-1 and WC-2 in Neurospora, CLOCK and BMAL in mice) form heterodimers that act as transcriptional activators to induce clock gene expression. The protein products (negative elements) of the clock genes (PER and TIM in Drosophila, FRQ in Neurospora, mCRYs and mPERs in mice) in turn block the action of the positive elements, thus indirectly repressing their own expression. b. Мodel of the Neurospora circadian system. The WC-1–WC-2 heterodimer activates expression of the clock gene FRQ. The FRQ protein has two roles. In one loop, it acts as a negative regulator of the WC-1–WC-2 heterodimer. In a second loop, FRQ acts as a positive regulator of WC-1 protein synthesis from existing WC-1 mRNA. Positive elements are depicted in blue and negative elements in red. Because FRQ acts as both a positive and negative element, it is depicted in red and blue. a. General scheme showing the core feedback loop central to eukaryotic circadian oscillators. Paired positive elements (CLOCK and CYC in Drosophila, WC-1 and WC-2 in Neurospora, CLOCK and BMAL in mice) form heterodimers that act as transcriptional activators to induce clock gene expression. The protein products (negative elements) of the clock genes (PER and TIM in Drosophila, FRQ in Neurospora, mCRYs and mPERs in mice) in turn block the action of the positive elements, thus indirectly repressing their own expression. b. Мodel of the Neurospora circadian system. The WC-1–WC-2 heterodimer activates expression of the clock gene FRQ. The FRQ protein has two roles. In one loop, it acts as a negative regulator of the WC-1–WC-2 heterodimer. In a second loop, FRQ acts as a positive regulator of WC-1 protein synthesis from existing WC-1 mRNA. Positive elements are depicted in blue and negative elements in red. Because FRQ acts as both a positive and negative element, it is depicted in red and blue.

Модель циркадной системы Arabidopsis Тhe oscillator and the input and output pathways are fuzzy. Proteins have been placed within the shaded area according to how close they might be to the oscillator. The darker the shading (towards the center), the closer to the oscillator. Thus, CCA1, LHY and TOC1, which might be part of the oscillator itself are located at the center of the shaded area. Similarly, ZTL and FKF1, although assigned to the input pathways, are also placed near the oscillator because they might interact with phosphorylated oscillator proteins, targeting them for degradation. Oscillator proteins might be phosphorylated by CK2. The PIF3–PHYB complex might also interact directly with the CCA1 promoter and is therefore placed close to the oscillator. The green arrows indicate that components such as PHYB and GI, assigned as inputs or as part of input pathways, respectively, are themselves affected by the clock. Many of the putative clock components show circadian rhythmicity of transcript levels but the available evidence suggests that ZTL transcripts do not cycle.

Модель циркадной системы Arabidopsis A speculative model of an Arabidopsis circadian clock. Light input via phytochromes and cryptochromes (for simplicity, only PHYB and CRY1 are shown) is mediated through ZTL, ELF3 and GI (PIF3. ZTL/ADO1 to bind to PHYB and CRY1). PIF3 binds to CCA1 and LHY promoters and possibly to other targets in the clock. For simplicity, a single central oscillator is illustrated with a number of putative oscillator components indicated. Components on the circular arrows oscillate in mRNA or protein abundance. One should not infer causal relationships among putative components from the relative order of their placement on the circle as experimentalproof is lacking. FKF/LKP2/ZTL are clustered, although there is no evidence that they form molecular complexes. Moreover,LKP2 mRNA oscillates and overexpression results in arrhythmicity, making LKP2 a strong candidate as an oscillator component. CCA1 and LHY are phosphorylated by CK2, which may make them substrates for the F-box proteins (ZTL, FKF and LKP2) and target them for ubiquitination and degradation by the proteasome (trash can). Output pathways may emanate from any of the putative oscillator components. CCA1, LHY, RVEs and TOC1/APRR1 are DNA-binding proteins, and CCA1 is knowto bind to LHCB promoters. Other outputs from the oscillator feed back to input components, such as PHYA, PHYB and CRY1, which are regulated by the clock at transcriptional and mRNA abundance levels

Два возможных механизма трансдукции сигнала от фитохрома у цианобактерий

Схема взаимодействия фитохромов и криптохрома

Во время работы фитохромы перемещеются в ядро

Сопоставление структуры фитохрома В и фототропина